Îndrumar spre o filozofie a îndoielii

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1. 01

   Those who understand little tend to be overconfident, while the truly knowledgeable are always uncertain.

   Îndrumar spre o filozofie a îndoielii · 1951

   Ignorance breeds confidence, while deep knowledge breeds doubt.

   Russell points to a psychological imbalance: ignorance breeds overconfidence, while knowledge breeds doubt. A person who knows little sees things as simple and believes they have clear answers. An expert sees complexities, nuances, and potential errors. For example, a beginner in politics may propose radical solutions with absolute conviction, while an experienced analyst hesitates, aware of how many variables are beyond control. This asymmetry means important decisions are often made by the least prepared.

   “The trouble with the world is that the stupid are cocksure and the intelligent are full of doubt.”

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