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olivLaw · European equity research

Lundin Gold Inc. LUG.ST

Sweden · Nasdaq Stockholm · Vertical: Listed companies from Sweden

663.80SEK+3.98% · 1 dayClose 05 Nov 2026

Lundin Gold Inc. is a mining company headquartered in Vancouver with an office in Quito, Ecuador, operating through Ecuadorian subsidiaries. Its annual report for the year ended December 31, 2024 shows a corporate structure being simplified, which makes the situation of its Ecuadorian entities central for investors.

At the close of 05 Nov 2026, Lundin Gold Inc. (LUG.ST) stock was 663.80 SEK (+3.98% on the day), with beta 0.68, 52-week range 509.60–844.50 SEK.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: ESEF annual reports and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
unavailable
shares as of 31 Dec 2025
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
Diluted EPS TTM 3.27 · TTM to 31 Dec 2025
E/P (TTM)
unavailable
TTM to 31 Dec 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
Beta (2y)
0.68
Volatility (1y) 50%
52-week range
509.60844.50

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
61.1
strong (55–70)
Bollinger (20, 2)
577.26 – 687.58
in the upper half of the band · %B 0.78 · band width 17.4%
SMA 50 / 200
638.85 / 645.77
mixed trend
MACD (12, 26, 9)
-2.93 / -5.90
MACD above signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyEURO STOXX 50vs EURO STOXX 50Vertical median
1 month+10.2%−0.6%+10.8 pp—
3 months+13.5%−4.2%+17.7 pp—
6 months+2.4%+4.3%−1.9 pp—
Year to date−15.7%+7.5%−23.2 pp—
1 year−0.6%+9.9%−10.5 pp−8.5%
3 years+386.7%+49.8%+336.8 pp+12.3%
5 years+770.0%+42.8%+727.2 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−39.7%
27 Feb 2026 → 16 Jul 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−39.7%
27 Feb 2026 → 16 Jul 2026
Compound annual growth (5y)
+54.1%
EURO STOXX 50 +7.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

the price (USD) and the reports are in different currencies

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Fiscal years

Fiscal year2022202320242025
Revenue815.7 m902.5 m1.2 bn1.8 bn
Revenue YoYunavailable+10.6%+32.2%+49.4%
Net income73.6 m179.5 m426.1 m792.2 m
Net income YoYunavailable+144.0%+137.4%+85.9%
Diluted EPS0.310.751.763.27
Diluted EPS YoYunavailable+141.9%+134.7%+85.8%
net %9.0%19.9%35.7%44.4%
Free cash flow372.1 m471.2 m580.0 m937.1 m

Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2025 · 31 Dec 2025

Cash
630.2 m USD
Financial debt
unavailable USD
Net debt
unavailable USD
Equity
1.4 bn USD
Total assets
1.8 bn USD
Debt / equity
unavailable
Current ratio
2.53x
ROE
61.4%
ROA
47.8%
FCF margin
52.6%

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (USD)

Margins

Income statement · USD

Revenue
2023
902.5 m
2024
1.2 bn
2025
1.8 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Cost of revenue
2023
467.3 m
2024
489.7 m
2025
556.6 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Gross profit
2023
435.2 m
2024
703.4 m
2025
1.2 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Depreciation & amortisation
2023
136.6 m
2024
137.0 m
2025
135.0 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Interest expense
2023
85.3 m
2024
266.5 m
2025
0

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Pre-tax income
2023
285.0 m
2024
634.1 m
2025
1.1 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Income tax
2023
105.6 m
2024
208.1 m
2025
331.4 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Net income
2023
179.5 m
2024
426.1 m
2025
792.2 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Diluted EPS
2023
0.75
2024
1.76
2025
3.27

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Weighted average diluted shares
2023
239.2 m
2024
241.4 m
2025
242.5 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Dividend per share
2023
0.40
2024
0.60
2025
2.76

esef· 28 Oct 2026derived

Balance sheet · USD

Cash
2023
268.0 m
2024
349.2 m
2025
630.2 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Inventories
2023
89.4 m
2024
88.2 m
2025
92.9 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Current assets
2023
533.9 m
2024
674.5 m
2025
983.2 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2023
718.9 m
2024
695.7 m
2025
664.6 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Total assets
2023
1.5 bn
2024
1.5 bn
2025
1.8 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Short-term debt
2023
63.7 m
2024
0
2025
—

esef· 08 May 2025verified

Long-term debt
2023
241.9 m
2024
0
2025
—

esef· 08 May 2025verified

Current liabilities
2023
187.0 m
2024
215.5 m
2025
388.5 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Total liabilities
2023
512.4 m
2024
311.2 m
2025
423.0 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Equity
2023
955.8 m
2024
1.2 bn
2025
1.4 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Shares outstanding at year end
2023
236.1 m
2024
239.4 m
2025
240.8 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026derived

Cash flow · USD

Operating cash flow
2023
519.4 m
2024
662.4 m
2025
1.0 bn

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Capex
2023
48.2 m
2024
82.4 m
2025
86.0 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Free cash flow
2023
471.2 m ≈
2024
580.0 m ≈
2025
937.1 m ≈

esef· 28 Oct 2026derived

Investing cash flow
2023
-53.5 m
2024
-93.5 m
2025
-97.2 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Financing cash flow
2023
-561.2 m
2024
-487.5 m
2025
-644.9 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Dividends paid
2023
94.9 m
2024
143.8 m
2025
663.8 m

esef· 28 Oct 2026verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
49.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Revenue CAGR 3Y
29.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Net income growth (YoY)
85.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Net income CAGR 3Y
120.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
85.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
EPS CAGR 3Y
119.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
61.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Profitability

Gross margin
68.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
unavailable
input data missing
Net margin
44.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF margin
52.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Returns

ROE
61.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
ROA
47.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (EPS)
84.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Payout ratio (FCF)
70.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Balance sheet

Net debt
unavailable
input data missing
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
unavailable
input data missing
Interest coverage
unavailable
input data missing

Liquidity

Current ratio
2.5x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Quick ratio
2.3x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Cash ratio
1.6x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2025

Cash

Operating cash flow
1.0 bn USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Capital expenditure
86.0 m USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Free cash flow
937.1 m USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF conversion
118.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days inventory outstanding
59 days
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
Earnings yield
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
P/S
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • score weight coverage: 37.5% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

663.80 SEK

05 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: unavailable

Price and reporting are in different currencies; market indicators are unavailable.

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
61.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Net margin
44.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Revenue growth (YoY)
49.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing

Coverage and freshness

28/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2025
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2025
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2025
Share count (cover of the latest filing), as of: 31 Dec 2025
Source: esefpublished 28 Oct 2026
verified 108derived 8

Score by group

38% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

Low
43.49
USD per share
Mid
55.56
USD per share
High
79.60
USD per share
Price: unavailable
Potential to the central value: unavailable (value / price − 1)
Margin of safety: unavailable (1 − price / value)
Agreement between methods: low · 2 methods used · 2 independent bases

The combined range = the median of the valid methods' low, central and high values; it is not a probability interval and does not cover every result. Envelope of all methods: 36.23 – 110.48 USD.

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Method ranges (USD per share)

— — Mid · ▏ Price

Valuation methods

  • DCF (discounted cash flow)unavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: EV/EBITDAunavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: P/E50.75 – 110.48 (Mid 69.57)
    25 companies used · median multiple 21.3x · quartiles 15.5x – 33.8x
    AAK.ST, ACAD.ST, AFRY.ST, ALFA.ST, ALIG.ST, ALLEI.ST, ALTRA.ST, APOTEA.ST, AQ.ST, ARPL.ST, ASKER.ST, ATIC.ST, ATRLJ-B.ST, ATT.ST, B3.ST, BHG.ST, BOL.ST, BOOZT.ST, BORG.ST, BRAV.ST, BUFAB.ST, CAMX.ST, CARA.ST, CEVI.ST, COOR.ST
  • Dividend discount (DDM)36.23 – 48.72 (Mid 41.56)

Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

Risk-free rate
4.3%
Equity risk premium
5.0%
Beta (default)
1.00
Cost of equity
9.3%
Terminal growth
2.5%

Factor scorecard

Insufficient data

Minimum-evidence gate: score weight coverage: 37.5% of at least 60%

FactorValueScoreWeight used
ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
Net margin · Quality44.4%100 (vs peers)17%
FCF conversion · Quality118.3%100 (on a fixed band)17%
Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growth29.8%100 (on a fixed band)22%
EPS CAGR 3Y · Growth119.3%100 (on a fixed band)22%
Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Interest coverage · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Current ratio · Balance sheet2.5x100 (on a fixed band)11%
P/E (TTM) · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
Payout ratio (FCF) · Returns70.8%70 (on a fixed band)11%

Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

Score groups

  • Balance sheet· partial100/100 · 1/3 factors with a value
  • Growth100/100 · 2/2 factors with a value
  • Quality100/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Returns· partial70/100 · 1/2 factors with a value
  • Valuation· partialunavailable · 0/3 factors with a value

A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

Memo

Lundin Gold Inc. (LUG.ST). Latest full fiscal year: 2025; data up to 2025-12-31.

Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 1.8 bn USD in 2025; YoY growth 49.4%; net margin 44.4%; ROE 61.4%.

The estimated value range is 43.49–79.60 USD per share (median of 2 methods, agreement: low); assumptions are illustrative. The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

Insufficient data for a verdict (score weight coverage: 37.5% of at least 60%).

Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

What supports the thesis

  • Net margin: 44.4%
  • FCF conversion: 118.3%
  • Revenue CAGR 3Y: 29.8%
  • EPS CAGR 3Y: 119.3%
  • Current ratio: 2.5x
  • Payout ratio (FCF): 70.8%

What contradicts it

  • The valuation methods diverge

Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, Net debt / EBITDA, Interest coverage, P/E (TTM), EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Shareholder yield (distributions).

Versus the vertical median

Listed companies from Sweden · same country · compared with 39 companies

Multiples and returns vs the median

P/E
—
vertical median 22.9x
EV/EBITDA
—
vertical median 5.3x
P/S
—
vertical median 1.1x
P/B
—
vertical median 1.4x
ROE
61.4%
vertical median 7.4%
above median (+730.9%)
Net margin
44.4%
vertical median 4.3%
above median (+933.6%)
EBIT margin
—
vertical median 6.0%
Revenue YoY
49.4%
vertical median 1.3%
above median (+3,600.3%)
Net debt/EBITDA
—
vertical median 1.5x
Dividend yield
—
vertical median 2.5%

Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

Companies in the vertical

Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
ALFA.STAlfa Laval AB223.0 bn27.019.4%11.9%+4.1%+21% / +38%
BOL.STBoliden Ab143.0 bn15.213.3%10.1%+4.8%+12% / +81%
CAST.STCastellum Aktiebolag66.6 bn71.01.2%9.8%−2.6%+27% / +6%
AAK.STAak Ab (publ)47.5 bn13.917.2%7.5%+2.2%−31% / −14%
CAMX.STCamurus AB42.5 bn58.519.5%32.5%+21.3%+16% / +55%
BRAV.STBravida Holding AB30.1 bn24.513.7%4.4%−4.9%+84% / +123%
ASKER.STAsker Healthcare Group AB29.8 bn60.59.8%2.9%+11.7%−18% / unavailable
ALLEI.STAlleima AB22.7 bn33.84.1%3.6%−5.4%+11% / +19%
BURE.STBure Equity AB22.6 bn—-21.0%—unavailable+20% / +19%
AQ.STAQ Group AB19.7 bn29.214.9%7.5%+6.0%+14% / +119%
ALTRA.STAltra Fastigheter AB18.4 bn33.93.0%15.1%−2.2%+9% / +19%
ATT.STAttendo AB (publ)16.8 bn20.715.1%4.3%+0.1%+34% / +223%
AFRY.STAfry Ab14.9 bn18.76.2%3.1%−5.2%−17% / +4%
ATRLJ-B.STAtrium Ljungberg AB14.0 bn17.12.9%23.9%−2.0%−33% / −44%
ALIG.STAlimak Group AB (publ)12.7 bn21.38.2%8.8%−3.2%−18% / +50%
ACAD.STAcadeMedia AB12.7 bn15.512.7%4.3%+9.7%+22% / +138%
APOTEA.STApotea AB (publ)10.7 bn46.831.3%3.2%+10.1%+15% / unavailable
BOOZT.STBoozt AB10.6 bn37.910.4%3.6%+0.5%+58% / +44%
BUFAB.STBufab AB (publ)5.0 bn9.215.1%6.9%−7.4%+36% / +110%
ACTI.STActive Biotech AB (publ)4.9 bn—-84.5%—unavailable−32% / −77%
CEVI.STCellaVision AB4.7 bn30.818.0%20.2%+4.9%+20% / +12%
COOR.STCoor Service Management Holding AB4.7 bn18.213.0%2.2%+16.7%+1% / +25%
BHG.STBHG Group AB4.5 bn31.12.5%1.4%+6.2%−18% / +113%
CARA.STCarasent AB (publ)1.8 bn51.74.1%10.1%+24.9%−8% / +87%
BICO.STBICO Group AB1.7 bn—-46.0%-72.7%−13.3%+16% / −51%

1- and 3-year price returns: for LUG.ST from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

olivLaw engine forecast

The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

The engine has no published run for this company yet.

Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

Illustrative scenarios

Scenarios are not available. input data missing

AI analysis

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

In brief

Lundin Gold Inc. is a mining company headquartered in Vancouver with an office in Quito, Ecuador, operating through Ecuadorian subsidiaries. Its annual report for the year ended December 31, 2024 shows a corporate structure being simplified, which makes the situation of its Ecuadorian entities central for investors.

SWOT

Strengths

  • The corporate structure was simplified in 2024, which may reduce administrative complexity.
  • Financial statements are prepared under IFRS and approved by the board, providing transparency.
  • Operating subsidiaries are wholly owned, giving control over the activity.

Weaknesses

  • Activity is concentrated in one country, increasing exposure to local risks.
  • Carrying values depend on reserve and cost estimates that can be revised.
  • Decommissioning provisions require complex estimates and can fluctuate.

Opportunities

  • The change in functional currency could reduce volatility from exchange differences.
  • Development of existing projects could increase resource value if reserves expand.
  • A simpler structure could ease financing and management of the group.

Threats

  • Regulatory changes in Ecuador could affect operating conditions.
  • A fall in the gold price could affect the economic viability of projects.
  • Rising decommissioning costs could reduce margins if estimates change.

Risks

  • Geographic concentrationhigh

    Operations are concentrated in Ecuador, exposing the company to local political and regulatory risks.

  • Reserve assumptionshigh

    Changes in reserve estimates or cost assumptions could lead to adjustments in carrying values.

  • Decommissioning provisionsmedium

    Regulatory or cost changes could increase site restoration obligations.

  • Gold price exposuremedium

    Declines in the metal price could affect impairment tests and deferred taxes.

  • Deferred taxeslow

    Estimates of future taxable profit and profit repatriation involve judgments that may be revised.

Investment thesis

What would need to be true (bull case)

  • A simplified corporate structure and a U.S. dollar functional currency could reduce complexity and accounting volatility.
  • Full control of operating subsidiaries gives flexibility in managing assets in Ecuador.
  • If reserves are confirmed or expanded, project value could support activity growth.

What would break the thesis

  • Geographic concentration in Ecuador could expose the company to political or regulatory change.
  • Carrying values depend on assumptions that may be revised, and revisions could affect results.
  • Decommissioning obligations could rise and reduce margins if costs change.

What to watch

  • Effects of the functional currency change on results2025
  • Updates on mineral reserves and resourcesnext 10-K
  • Trend in decommissioning provisions at Fruta del Norte2025
  • Confirmation that the corporate structure simplification is complete2025

Products, market & competition

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

The business

The company was originally incorporated in British Columbia and continued under the Canada Business Corporations Act in 2002, according to the annual report 1. Its head office is in Vancouver, and it has an office in Quito, Ecuador 1. The consolidated financial statements are prepared under IFRS, and subsidiaries include Canadian, Ecuadorian and Singaporean entities 1.

In 2024 the company simplified its corporate structure through the wind-up of Aurelian Menor Inc. and SurNorte Holdings II Pte. Ltd. 1. Operating entities in Ecuador, such as Aurelian Ecuador S.A. and SurNorte S.A., remain wholly owned by the group 1.

The report mentions site restoration and decommissioning obligations related to Fruta del Norte, indicating the group's mining activity in this project 1. The functional currency of Lundin Gold Inc. changed from Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars effective January 1, 2025, to reflect its financing structure 1.

Segments

Ecuador operations

Operating activity is concentrated in Ecuador through wholly owned subsidiaries such as Aurelian Ecuador S.A. and SurNorte S.A. 1.

Holding and financing

Canadian entities, including Lundin Gold Inc. and Condor Finance Corp., manage the corporate structure and group financing 1.

Market context

The annual report does not detail market share or the size of the gold industry in the source provided. Gold prices and market conditions feed into estimates used for mineral property valuation and deferred tax provisions, per the accounting policies 1. The analysis could be extended with data from future quarterly reports.

Estimates of reserves and resources, metal prices and operating costs influence the valuation of mineral properties and the recognition of deferred taxes 1. If these assumptions change, carrying values could be adjusted.

Trends

  • Change in functional currencymixed

    From 2025 the functional currency of several entities changed to U.S. dollars, which could reduce the effects of exchange differences on results 1.

  • Simplified corporate structuretailwind

    The wind-up of certain entities in 2024 indicates an effort to reduce the group's complexity 1.

  • Metal prices and reserve assumptionsmixed

    Gold prices influence impairment testing and reserve value; changes can alter the economic viability of projects 1.

  • Decommissioning obligationsheadwind

    Provisions for decommissioning and site restoration are remeasured each reporting period, and regulatory changes could increase these obligations 1.

Competitive position

The source provided does not identify direct competitors. A comparative analysis would require data from reports of other mining companies active in Ecuador or Latin America.

The competitive position cannot be assessed from the annual report alone, as it contains no information on market share or comparisons with other producers.

  • Not named in source

    The source provided does not list competitors.

  • Not named in source

    Identifying competitors requires additional sources.

  • Not named in source

    No comparison is possible from the annual report.

  • Not named in source

    Additional data is needed for this category.

News & filings

In the press

Annual reports (ESEF)

Sources

  1. [1] Annual report, fiscal year ended 2024-12-31 (ESEF) · SEC / Lundin Gold Inc. · 31 Dec 2024

Figures computed by olivLaw from ESEF annual reports and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.