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olivLaw · US equity research

FinVolution Group FINV

Loan Brokers · SIC 6163 · Vertical: Nondepository credit (SIC 616x)

2.90USD−4.61% · 1 dayClose 05 Nov 2026

FinVolution Group is a fintech platform that connects younger borrowers with institutional funding partners, mainly in China but also in Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Net revenues reached 13.6 billion RMB in fiscal 2025 and net profit 2.5 billion RMB, while international expansion and new online marketing rules are reshaping growth conditions.

The AI analysis may be outdated: new filings came after its sources (see the «AI analysis» section).

At the close of 05 Nov 2026, FinVolution Group (FINV) stock was 2.90 USD (−4.61% on the day), with P/E 10.7 on diluted EPS of 0.27 USD over the last 12 months, beta 0.63, 52-week range 2.83–6.18 USD.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: SEC filings and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
unavailable
P/E (TTM)
10.7
Diluted EPS TTM 0.27 · TTM to 31 Dec 2025
E/P (TTM)
9.31%
TTM to 31 Dec 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
Beta (2y)
0.63
Volatility (1y) 51%
52-week range
2.836.18

Price history

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Technical reading

RSI (14)
43.5
weak (30–45)
Bollinger (20, 2)
2.78 – 3.17
in the lower half of the band · %B 0.32 · band width 13.2%
SMA 50 / 200
3.17 / 4.55
downtrend (price < SMA50 < SMA200)
MACD (12, 26, 9)
-0.09 / -0.11
MACD above signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyS&P 500vs S&P 500Vertical median
1 month−3.7%−5.9%+2.3 pp—
3 months−39.8%−4.6%−35.2 pp—
6 months−43.2%+0.2%−43.5 pp—
Year to date−44.6%+7.4%−52.0 pp—
1 year−50.8%+8.2%−59.0 pp−48.3%
3 years−41.1%+68.4%−109.5 pp−13.8%
5 years−52.9%+56.5%−109.5 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−54.2%
17 Mar 2026 → 28 Oct 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−73.6%
18 Mar 2025 → 28 Oct 2026
Compound annual growth (5y)
−14.0%
S&P 500 +9.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Today's P/E sits at the 0 percentile of its own 8-quarter history (min 12.1, median 18.8, max 27.2; quarters with earnings only).

Fiscal years

Fiscal year20182019202020212022⚠ 202320242025
Revenue623.6 munavailableunavailable9.5 bn11.1 bn12.5 m13.1 m13.6 m
Revenue YoY+4.1%unavailableunavailableunavailable+17.6%—+4.1%+3.9%
Net income359.1 m340.8 m302.3 m393.7 m328.6 m329.7 m326.5 m363.6 m
Net income YoY+115.7%−5.1%−11.3%+30.2%−16.5%—−1.0%+11.4%
Diluted EPS0.220.220.200.270.230.240.250.27
Diluted EPS YoYunavailable−2.2%−8.9%+35.0%−14.8%—+4.2%+8.0%
net %57.6%unavailableunavailable4.2%3.0%2,627.6%2,498.8%2,679.2%
Free cash flow262.0 m-37.9 m336.5 m90.2 m31.3 m123.3 m392.6 m255.0 m

The series breaks before 2023: earlier years come from the original reports of the issuer of that time, later years from a subsequent filing that restated the perimeter (a separation, discontinued operations). The year-on-year change across the break is not shown.

Reported results vs expectations

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Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2025 · 31 Dec 2025

Cash
612.8 m USD
Financial debt
37.2 m USD
Net debt
-575.6 m USD
Equity
2.4 bn USD
Total assets
3.6 bn USD
Debt / equity
0.02x
Current ratio
unavailable
ROE
16.0%
ROA
10.6%
FCF margin
1,879.4%

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (USD)

Margins

Income statement · USD

Revenue
2023
12.5 m
2024
13.1 m
2025
13.6 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Research & development
2023
72.0 m
2024
68.1 m
2025
76.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Depreciation & amortisation
2023
3.2 m
2024
9.5 m
2025
9.5 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Interest expense
2023
—
2024
—
2025
4.1 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Pre-tax income
2023
391.4 m
2024
389.8 m
2025
443.5 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Income tax
2023
55.6 m
2024
62.7 m
2025
79.5 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Net income
2023
329.7 m
2024
326.5 m
2025
363.6 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Diluted EPS
2023
0.24
2024
0.25
2025
0.27

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Weighted average diluted shares
2023
1.4 bn
2024
1.3 bn
2025
1.3 bn

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Balance sheet · USD

Cash
2023
699.9 m
2024
640.2 m
2025
612.8 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2023
19.9 m
2024
85.5 m
2025
91.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Goodwill
2023
7.1 m
2024
6.9 m
2025
11.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Intangibles (excl. goodwill)
2023
13.9 m
2024
18.8 m
2025
38.6 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Total assets
2023
3.0 bn
2024
3.2 bn
2025
3.6 bn

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Short-term debt
2023
811.0 k
2024
766.0 k
2025
24.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Long-term debt
2023
—
2024
—
2025
12.8 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Total liabilities
2023
1.0 bn
2024
1.1 bn
2025
1.2 bn

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Equity
2023
2.0 bn
2024
2.1 bn
2025
2.4 bn

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Cash flow · USD

Operating cash flow
2023
199.1 m
2024
396.4 m
2025
267.1 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Capex
2023
75.8 m
2024
3.8 m
2025
12.0 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Free cash flow
2023
123.3 m ≈
2024
392.6 m ≈
2025
255.0 m ≈

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026derived

Investing cash flow
2023
199.1 m
2024
-314.5 m
2025
-312.3 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Financing cash flow
2023
-360.4 m
2024
-85.3 m
2025
-27.8 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Dividends paid
2023
60.6 m
2024
60.5 m
2025
73.0 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Share repurchases
2023
97.8 m
2024
88.1 m
2025
109.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 29 Apr 2026verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
3.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Revenue CAGR 3Y
-89.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Net income growth (YoY)
11.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Net income CAGR 3Y
3.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
Net income CAGR 5Y
3.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2020 → FY 2025
EPS growth (YoY)
8.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
EPS CAGR 3Y
5.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2022 → FY 2025
EPS CAGR 5Y
6.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2020 → FY 2025
FCF growth (YoY)
-35.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Profitability

Gross margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
unavailable
input data missing
Net margin
2,679.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF margin
1,879.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Returns

ROE
16.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
ROA
10.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (EPS)
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (FCF)
28.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Balance sheet

Net debt
-575.6 m USD
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
0.0x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Interest coverage
unavailable
input data missing

Liquidity

Current ratio
unavailable
input data missing
Quick ratio
unavailable
input data missing
Cash ratio
unavailable
input data missing

Cash

Operating cash flow
267.1 m USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Capital expenditure
12.0 m USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Free cash flow
255.0 m USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF conversion
70.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
10.7x
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Earnings yield
9.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
P/S
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • score weight coverage: 43.8% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

2.90 USD

05 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: unavailable

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
10.7x
computed by olivLawFY 2025
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
16.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2025
Net margin
2,679.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Revenue growth (YoY)
3.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing

Coverage and freshness

25/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2025
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2025
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2025
Source: SEC (XBRL)published 29 Apr 2026
verified 232

Score by group

44% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

Low
0.78
USD per share
Mid
2.46
USD per share
High
4.57
USD per share
Price: 2.90 USD
The price is within the range
Potential to the central value: -15.3% (value / price − 1)
Margin of safety: -18.1% (1 − price / value)
Agreement between methods: single method · 1 methods used · 1 independent bases

The combined range = the median of the valid methods' low, central and high values; it is not a probability interval and does not cover every result. Envelope of all methods: 0.78 – 4.57 USD.

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Method ranges (USD per share)

— — Mid · ▏ Price

Valuation methods

  • DCF (discounted cash flow)unavailable · input data missing
  • Peers: EV/EBITDAunavailable · input data missing
  • Peers: P/E0.78 – 4.57 (Mid 2.46)
    4 companies used · median multiple 9.1x · quartiles 2.9x – 16.9x
    FIGR, ONIT, PFSI, TREE
  • Dividend discount (DDM)unavailable · input data missing
Multiple comparisons use the SIC vertical: Nondepository credit (SIC 616x)

Classification (SIC) comparables group by industry code, not by economic activity; the direct group is an editorial selection by activity. Members' multiples are on their own trailing twelve months, at their own latest close.

Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

Risk-free rate
4.3%
Equity risk premium
5.0%
Beta (default)
1.00
Cost of equity
9.3%
Terminal growth
2.5%

Factor scorecard

Insufficient data

Minimum-evidence gate: score weight coverage: 43.8% of at least 60%

FactorValueScoreWeight used
ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
Net margin · Quality2,679.2%100 (vs peers)14%
FCF conversion · Quality70.1%57 (on a fixed band)14%
Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growth-89.3%0 (on a fixed band)19%
EPS CAGR 3Y · Growth5.5%37 (on a fixed band)19%
Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Interest coverage · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Current ratio · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
P/E (TTM) · Valuation10.7x88 (on a fixed band)24%
EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
Payout ratio (FCF) · Returns28.6%100 (on a fixed band)10%

Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

Score groups

  • Balance sheet· partialunavailable · 0/3 factors with a value
  • Growth18/100 · 2/2 factors with a value
  • Quality79/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Returns· partial100/100 · 1/2 factors with a value
  • Valuation· partial88/100 · 1/3 factors with a value

A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

Memo

FinVolution Group (FINV). Latest full fiscal year: 2025; data up to 2025-12-31.

Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 13.6 m USD in 2025; YoY growth 3.9%; net margin 2,679.2%; ROE 16.3%.

The estimated value range is 0.78–4.57 USD per share (median of 1 methods, agreement: single method); assumptions are illustrative. Against the central value of 2.46 USD, the price of 2.90 USD leaves a potential of -15.3% (value / price − 1) and a margin of safety of -18.1% (1 − price / value). The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

Insufficient data for a verdict (score weight coverage: 43.8% of at least 60%).

Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

What supports the thesis

  • Net margin: 2,679.2%
  • P/E (TTM): 10.7x
  • Payout ratio (FCF): 28.6%

What contradicts it

  • Revenue CAGR 3Y: -89.3%

Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, Net debt / EBITDA, Interest coverage, Current ratio, EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Shareholder yield (distributions).

Versus the vertical median

Nondepository credit (SIC 616x) · same industry group (3-digit SIC) · compared with 8 companies

Multiples and returns vs the median

P/E
10.7x
vertical median 9.1x
above median (+18.1%)
EV/EBITDA
—
vertical median —
P/S
—
vertical median 2.0x
P/B
—
vertical median 0.8x
ROE
16.3%
vertical median 2.8%
above median (+492.4%)
Net margin
2,679.2%
vertical median 5.5%
above median (+48,510.1%)
EBIT margin
—
vertical median 8.2%
Revenue YoY
3.9%
vertical median 25.1%
below median (−84.7%)
Net debt/EBITDA
—
vertical median —
Dividend yield
—
vertical median —

Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

Companies in the vertical

Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
PFSIPennyMac Financial Services, Inc.3.5 bn15.15.6%640.7%−25.2%−50% / −14%
FOAFinance Of America Companies Inc.803.7 m—-0.1%-0.1%+26.1%−46% / +40%
TREELendingTree, Inc.543.8 m3.182.8%14.3%+24.1%−32% / +119%
BETRBetter Home & Finance Holding Company360.1 m—-267.7%-112.6%+52.0%−61% / −17%
ONITOnity Group Inc.263.3 m2.323.0%11.1%+9.3%−28% / +25%
UWMCUWM Holdings Corp168.1 m—-2.7%-1.0%+18.2%−72% / −70%
BLNEBeeline Holdings, Inc.20.0 m—-41.1%-215.3%+600.0%−70% / −95%
FIGRFigure Technology Solutions, Inc.—22.516.8%33.5%+48.7%−42% / unavailable
FINVFinVolution Group—10.716.3%2,679.2%+3.9%−51% / −41%

1- and 3-year price returns: for FINV from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

olivLaw engine forecast

The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

The engine has no published run for this company yet.

Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

Illustrative scenarios

Scenarios are not available. input data missing

AI analysis

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

Possibly outdated: the newest document it read is from 29 Apr 2026; since then the company filed 6-K (28 Aug 2026), 6-K (26 May 2026).

In brief

FinVolution Group is a fintech platform that connects younger borrowers with institutional funding partners, mainly in China but also in Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Net revenues reached 13.6 billion RMB in fiscal 2025 and net profit 2.5 billion RMB, while international expansion and new online marketing rules are reshaping growth conditions 1.

SWOT

Strengths

  • The brand is recognised in China and in key overseas markets, backed by a long history in this sector 1.
  • Borrower stickiness is high, with most volume coming from repeat borrowers 1.
  • Big-data and machine learning credit scoring supports risk assessment and automation of operations 1.

Weaknesses

  • The company depends heavily on China, where the regulatory framework changes often 1.
  • Sales and marketing expenses rose as a share of revenue, which compresses margins 1.
  • The company has changed its business model several times, which can cost continuity and efficiency 1.

Opportunities

  • Southeast Asian markets and Australia offer growth potential in the young borrower segment if expansion is executed efficiently 1.
  • Acquiring local licences could open access to more regulated markets with stronger borrower profiles 1.
  • Product diversification, including offline consumer financing in Indonesia, could broaden the revenue base 1.

Threats

  • New rules on marketing and data sharing could reduce the ability to attract customers and work with current partners 1.
  • Rising delinquencies could weigh on profitability, especially if the trend persists 1.
  • Competition from banks and online platforms could press on fees and on the cost of acquiring customers 1.

Risks

  • Changing regulationhigh

    The legal framework for online consumer finance in China is evolving, and interpreting new measures could force changes to the business model 1.

  • Online marketing measureshigh

    New rules could restrict promotional campaigns and require changes to advertising, affecting user acquisition 1.

  • Credit riskmedium

    The company bears credit risk on a substantial part of loans funded by partners, and rising delinquencies could affect results 1.

  • International risksmedium

    Operating in several countries exposes the company to currency moves, political instability and differing licensing requirements 1.

  • Reliance on funding partnersmedium

    Revenue depends on keeping and expanding partnerships with funding institutions, and limits on accepting credit enhancement could restrict access to funding 1.

Investment thesis

What would need to be true (bull case)

  • A large base of registered users and high repeat borrowing could support revenue if the platform keeps its position 1.
  • A growing share from international markets could diversify revenue sources and reduce dependence on China 1.
  • The capital light model could allow growth without taking on the full credit risk of the loans 1.

What would break the thesis

  • Rising delinquencies could signal a portfolio quality problem if they are not controlled 1.
  • New online marketing rules could reduce customer acquisition efficiency and raise adaptation costs 1.
  • A history of business model changes shows that adapting to regulation can cost time and efficiency 1.

What to watch

  • Effects of online marketing measures on user acquisition2026
  • Trend in the 90 day+ delinquency rate in Chinanext 10-K
  • Growth of origination volume in Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia2027
  • Interpretation of credit information rules and any new licensing requirements2027

Products, market & competition

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

Possibly outdated: the newest document it read is from 29 Apr 2026; since then the company filed 6-K (28 Aug 2026), 6-K (26 May 2026).

The business

The company earns revenue mainly from transaction service fees paid by institutional funding partners for borrower introduction, preliminary credit assessment and other services across the loan lifecycle 1. Its capital light model means it does not bear credit risk on loans funded by partners, though for most of these loans it gives quality assurance commitments 1. Operations run under the PPDai brand in China, AdaKami in Indonesia, JuanHand in the Philippines and Fundo in Australia 1.

Loans are generally short-term and unsecured, with a credit decision in about 10 minutes for first-time applicants and in as little as one minute for repeat borrowers 1. Most origination volume in China comes from borrowers who have borrowed on the platform before, indicating high borrower stickiness 1.

The company moved from a model where individual investors funded loans to one where institutional partners provide funding, changing its risk profile and revenue structure 1.

Segments

China

The China market is the company's foundation and generated 10.2 billion RMB of revenue in fiscal 2025, or 75.4% of the total 1. Origination volume was 186.3 billion RMB, and the outstanding loan balance was 68.3 billion RMB at 31 December 2025 1.

International markets

The international segment, covering Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia, is growing fast: revenue reached 3.3 billion RMB in 2025, or 24.6% of the total, up from 17.0% in 2023 1. The acquisition of a licensed lender in Australia in October 2025 moved the business into a more regulated and developed market 1.

Global operations

The LEGO strategy aims to transfer know-how in regulation, risk analytics and product development across jurisdictions to speed up market entry 1.

Market context

The company operates in online consumer lending, which the source describes as an emerging and evolving sector with a regulatory framework that remains uncertain 1. The China market relies heavily on institutional funding, while overseas growth comes from the adoption of online borrowing for consumption 1.

Sector development depends on expanding the base of borrowers and funding partners, managing credit risk and how regulators interpret platform activity 1.

Trends

  • New online marketing rulesheadwind

    Measures on online marketing of financial products, taking effect in September 2026, could limit promotional offers and customer acquisition methods, which could affect user acquisition 1.

  • Credit information sharing rulesheadwind

    Interpretation of the rules on credit information could require the company to obtain additional licences or change how it transmits data to funding partners 1.

  • International expansionmixed

    Expansion into Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia opens markets with younger populations, but also brings compliance costs and exposure to exchange rates and local rules 1.

  • Portfolio qualityheadwind

    The 90 day+ delinquency rate rose at the end of 2025, showing that loan performance could become a problem if the trend continues 1.

Competitive position

The company competes for borrowers and institutional funding partners with a broad range of players, from traditional financial institutions to emerging online platforms 1. The source does not detail individual competitors but notes that the sector has few established business models 1.

The company's edge rests on its recognised brand, proprietary data and big-data credit scoring, but competitive pressure could rise if new entrants draw on the same young customer base 1.

  • Commercial and online banks

    Institutional funding partners in China and overseas that fund loans but can also compete for the same customers 1.

  • Consumer finance companies

    Consumer finance and micro-loan firms offering similar products to comparable customer segments 1.

  • Online lending platforms

    Emerging fintech platforms that attract the same online borrowers, especially through digital campaigns 1.

  • Southeast Asian lenders

    Local players in Indonesia and the Philippines where the company competes for market share 1.

News & filings

Figures computed by olivLaw from SEC filings and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.