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olivLaw · European equity research

Artifex Mundi S.A. ART.WA

Poland · GPW Warszawa · ISIN PLARTFX00011 · Vertical: Listed companies from Poland

19.40PLN+1.36% · 1 dayClose 04 Nov 2026

Artifex Mundi S.A. is a Polish video game developer that earns revenue from producing and publishing games, mainly puzzle and adventure titles. In fiscal 2021 the group reported revenue of 39.08 mln PLN, up from the prior year, pointing to a recovery after a weaker period. The company's financial structure is relatively solid, with a high share of equity financing.

At the close of 04 Nov 2026, Artifex Mundi S.A. (ART.WA) stock was 19.40 PLN (+1.36% on the day), with market capitalisation 231.4 m PLN, P/E 17.8 on diluted EPS of 1.09 PLN over the last 12 months, beta 0.20, 52-week range 11.52–24.40 PLN.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: ESEF annual reports and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
231.4 m PLN
shares as of 31 Dec 2021
P/E (TTM)
17.8
Diluted EPS TTM 1.09 · TTM to 31 Dec 2021
E/P (TTM)
5.62%
TTM to 31 Dec 2021
Dividend yield
unavailable
Beta (2y)
0.20
Volatility (1y) 44%
52-week range
11.5224.40

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
41.3
weak (30–45)
Bollinger (20, 2)
18.75 – 21.22
in the lower half of the band · %B 0.26 · band width 12.4%
SMA 50 / 200
20.63 / 19.83
mixed trend
MACD (12, 26, 9)
-0.42 / -0.37
MACD below signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyEURO STOXX 50vs EURO STOXX 50Vertical median
1 month−5.4%−1.5%−3.9 pp—
3 months−7.8%−5.3%−2.6 pp—
6 months−13.2%+4.7%−17.9 pp—
Year to date+45.9%+6.0%+39.9 pp—
1 year+39.6%+8.2%+31.4 pp+6.3%
3 years+12.8%+47.2%−34.4 pp+3.0%
5 years+70.2%+41.8%+28.4 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−22.0%
11 Feb 2026 → 06 Mar 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−61.1%
11 Apr 2024 → 18 Dec 2025
Compound annual growth (5y)
+11.2%
EURO STOXX 50 +7.2%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Today's P/E sits at the 100 percentile of its own 2-quarter history (min 8.7, median 10.5, max 12.3; quarters with earnings only).

Fiscal years

Fiscal year20202021
Revenue25.7 m39.1 m
Revenue YoYunavailable+51.9%
Net income8.2 m13.0 m
Net income YoYunavailable+57.7%
Diluted EPS0.691.09
Diluted EPS YoYunavailable+58.0%
net %32.0%33.3%
Free cash flowunavailableunavailable

Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2021 · 31 Dec 2021

Cash
17.5 m PLN
Financial debt
unavailable PLN
Net debt
unavailable PLN
Equity
43.3 m PLN
Total assets
50.7 m PLN
Debt / equity
unavailable
Current ratio
8.22x
ROE
35.7%
ROA
30.1%
FCF margin
unavailable

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (PLN)

Margins

Income statement · PLN

Revenue
2020
25.7 m
2021
39.1 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Cost of revenue
2020
9.9 m
2021
9.7 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Gross profit
2020
15.8 m
2021
29.4 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Operating income
2020
10.0 m
2021
15.3 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Interest expense
2020
5.3 k
2021
807.8 k

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Pre-tax income
2020
10.2 m
2021
14.7 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Income tax
2020
2.0 m
2021
1.7 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Net income
2020
8.2 m
2021
13.0 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Diluted EPS
2020
0.69
2021
1.09

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Balance sheet · PLN

Cash
2020
11.0 m
2021
17.5 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Receivables
2020
4.2 m
2021
5.2 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Current assets
2020
27.8 m
2021
44.7 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2020
3.3 m
2021
2.4 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Intangibles (excl. goodwill)
2020
187.9 k
2021
104.5 k

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Total assets
2020
35.7 m
2021
50.7 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Current liabilities
2020
3.6 m
2021
5.4 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Total liabilities
2020
6.3 m
2021
7.4 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Equity
2020
29.4 m
2021
43.3 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Shares outstanding at year end
2020
11.9 m
2021
11.9 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022derived

Cash flow · PLN

Operating cash flow
2020
8.0 m
2021
7.2 m

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Investing cash flow
2020
-259.6 k
2021
-1.6 k

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Financing cash flow
2020
-780.7 k
2021
-742.0 k

esef· 05 Apr 2022verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
51.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Revenue CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
53.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Net income growth (YoY)
57.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Net income CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
58.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
EPS CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing

Profitability

Gross margin
75.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
39.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Net margin
33.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
FCF margin
unavailable
input data missing

Returns

ROE
35.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
ROA
30.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
33.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
Payout ratio (EPS)
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (FCF)
unavailable
input data missing

Balance sheet

Net debt
unavailable
input data missing
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
unavailable
input data missing
Interest coverage
19.0x
computed by olivLawFY 2021

Liquidity

Current ratio
8.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
Quick ratio
unavailable
input data missing
Cash ratio
3.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021

Cash

Operating cash flow
7.2 m PLN
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Capital expenditure
unavailable
input data missing
Free cash flow
unavailable
input data missing
FCF conversion
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
44 days
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
231.4 m PLN
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
17.8x
computed by olivLawFY 2021
P/E (TTM)
17.8x
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Earnings yield
5.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
P/B
5.3x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
P/S
5.9x
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
unavailable
no dividend in the structured statements; a missing line is not a confirmed zero
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • indicators available: 4 of at least 6
  • score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

19.40 PLN

04 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: 231.4 m PLN

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
231.4 m PLN
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
P/E (TTM)
17.8x
computed by olivLawFY 2021
P/B
5.3x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
35.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2021 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2021
Net margin
33.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Revenue growth (YoY)
51.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2021
Dividend yield
unavailable
no dividend in the structured statements; a missing line is not a confirmed zero

Coverage and freshness

22/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2021
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2021
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2021
Share count (cover of the latest filing), as of: 31 Dec 2021
Source: esefpublished 05 Apr 2022
verified 50derived 2

The data is older than the freshness threshold.

Score by group

27% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

unavailable — no valuation assumptions for the reporting currency

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Valuation methods

    Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

    Risk-free rate
    6.5%
    Equity risk premium
    6.0%
    Beta (default)
    1.00
    Cost of equity
    12.5%
    Terminal growth
    3.0%

    Factor scorecard

    Insufficient data

    Minimum-evidence gate: indicators available: 4 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%

    FactorValueScoreWeight used
    ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
    Net margin · Quality33.3%95 (vs peers)23%
    FCF conversion · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
    Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
    EPS CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
    Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
    Interest coverage · Balance sheet19.0x100 (on a fixed band)23%
    Current ratio · Balance sheet8.2x100 (on a fixed band)15%
    P/E (TTM) · Valuation17.8x37 (vs peers)38%
    EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
    FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
    Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
    Payout ratio (FCF) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—

    Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

    Score groups

    • Balance sheet100/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
    • Growth· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
    • Quality· partial95/100 · 1/3 factors with a value
    • Returns· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
    • Valuation· partial37/100 · 1/3 factors with a value

    A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

    Memo

    Artifex Mundi S.A. (ART.WA). Latest full fiscal year: 2021; data up to 2021-12-31.

    Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 39.1 m PLN in 2021; YoY growth 51.9%; net margin 33.3%; ROE 35.7%.

    The estimated value range is 6.95–22.01 PLN per share (median of 1 methods, agreement: single method); assumptions are illustrative. Against the central value of 12.13 PLN, the price of 19.40 PLN leaves a potential of -37.5% (value / price − 1) and a margin of safety of -60.0% (1 − price / value). The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

    Insufficient data for a verdict (indicators available: 4 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%).

    Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

    What supports the thesis

    • Net margin: 33.3%
    • Interest coverage: 19.0x
    • Current ratio: 8.2x

    What contradicts it

    No signal among the computed factors. That is not an absence of risk: factors without data were not assessed, and business risks (margins, inventory, demand) are in the source-based analysis.

    Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, FCF conversion, Revenue CAGR 3Y, EPS CAGR 3Y, Net debt / EBITDA, EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Shareholder yield (distributions), Payout ratio (FCF).

    Versus the vertical median

    Listed companies from Poland · same country · compared with 39 companies

    Multiples and returns vs the median

    P/E
    17.8x
    vertical median 11.9x
    above median (+49.7%)
    EV/EBITDA
    —
    vertical median —
    P/S
    5.9x
    vertical median 1.1x
    above median (+421.8%)
    P/B
    5.3x
    vertical median 1.0x
    above median (+442.1%)
    ROE
    35.7%
    vertical median 8.9%
    above median (+300.3%)
    Net margin
    33.3%
    vertical median 2.8%
    above median (+1,079.6%)
    EBIT margin
    39.2%
    vertical median 5.7%
    above median (+583.5%)
    Revenue YoY
    51.9%
    vertical median 9.9%
    above median (+426.5%)
    Net debt/EBITDA
    —
    vertical median —
    Dividend yield
    —
    vertical median 2.8%

    Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

    Companies in the vertical

    Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
    ACP.WAAsseco Poland S.A.19.7 bn39.27.8%2.9%+19.8%+22% / +211%
    BDX.WABudimex Spółka Akcyjna19.2 bn36.041.5%6.2%+8.9%+20% / +36%
    BFT.WABenefit Systems Spółka Akcyjna18.1 bn130.920.8%7.2%+99.9%+74% / +221%
    CAR.WAInter Cars Spółka Akcyjna15.5 bn22.117.0%3.9%+18.0%+94% / +87%
    ASE.WAAsseco South Eastern Europe Spółka Akcyjna3.8 bn20.218.1%12.0%+36.5%+9% / +55%
    1AT.WAAtal Spółka Akcyjna2.3 bn6.429.8%22.2%−1.3%+7% / +8%
    ATT.WAGrupa Azoty Spółka Akcyjna1.6 bn—-37.9%-20.8%−45.1%−16% / −27%
    ARH.WAArchicom Spółka Akcyjna1.3 bn11.915.9%22.1%−21.6%+11% / +85%
    ACT.WAAction S.A.1.1 bn28.78.3%1.5%+6.1%+80% / +186%
    BRS.WABoryszew Spółka Akcyjna887.2 m8.36.3%1.6%+8.4%−24% / −27%
    AGO.WAAgora Spółka Akcyjna585.6 m—-14.2%-9.2%+15.2%+36% / +17%
    AMB.WAAmbra S.A.463.4 m7.516.4%7.0%+12.9%+4% / −33%
    ATC.WAArctic Paper Spółka Akcyjna386.3 m1.616.3%7.0%−27.5%−33% / −73%
    ATG.WA"atm Grupa Spółka Akcyjna"301.0 m11.18.9%11.6%−22.0%−10% / +3%
    ART.WAArtifex Mundi S.A.231.4 m17.835.7%33.3%+51.9%+49% / +14%
    APN.WAAPLISENS Spółka Akcyjna196.8 m9.611.4%13.8%+21.8%+0% / −20%
    BMC.WABumech Spółka Akcyjna159.1 m—-3.4%-3.9%−40.0%−35% / −48%
    ALI.WAALTUS Spolka Akcyjna158.1 m17.37.9%16.9%+30.3%+38% / +52%
    BBT.WABoomBit Spółka Akcyjna72.4 m4.620.7%6.4%−16.5%−18% / −56%
    BBD.WABbi Development S.A.51.9 m1.036.0%208.3%+50.2%−4% / +5%
    ALG.WAAll in! Games Spółka Akcyjna38.1 m——-156.9%−72.2%−30% / −58%
    BMX.WABioMaxima Spółka Akcyjna37.4 m63.81.2%1.3%−67.5%−29% / −44%
    06N.WAMagna Polonia Spółka Akcyjna32.3 m0.5115.4%964.7%+13.0%−26% / −40%
    BCM.WABETACOM Spółka Akcyjna26.4 m17.48.0%0.9%+21.3%+6% / +3%
    AWM.WAAirway Medix Spółka Akcyjna14.3 m—-25.8%-117,400.0%−97.7%−23% / −43%

    1- and 3-year price returns: for ART.WA from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

    olivLaw engine forecast

    The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

    The engine has no published run for this company yet.

    Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

    Illustrative scenarios

    Illustrative: not forecasts and without probabilities. Each case is one coherent set of assumptions, computed on today's figures.

    Bear
    Allowed range: -50 … 50%
    Allowed range: -100 … 100%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100
    Allowed range: -10 … 20%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100%
    Base
    Allowed range: -50 … 50%
    Allowed range: -100 … 100%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100
    Allowed range: -10 … 20%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100%
    Bull
    Allowed range: -50 … 50%
    Allowed range: -100 … 100%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100
    Allowed range: -10 … 20%
    Allowed range: 0 … 100%
    Nothing is saved.

    Estimated price (PLN)

    Estimated priceBearBaseBull
    1 years
    12.68
    Total return -35% · Per year -35%
    22.31
    Total return 15% · Per year 15%
    33.47
    Total return 73% · Per year 73%
    3 years
    15.04
    Total return -22% · Per year -8%
    29.50
    Total return 52% · Per year 15%
    48.19
    Total return 148% · Per year 35%
    5 years
    17.84
    Total return -8% · Per year -2%
    39.02
    Total return 101% · Per year 15%
    69.39
    Total return 258% · Per year 29%
    What moves the 3-year price the most
    • Exit P/E± 7.38
    • Net margin± 5.16
    • Annual revenue growth± 3.85
    • Annual dilution± 0.43

    AI analysis

    AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

    In brief

    Artifex Mundi S.A. is a Polish video game developer that earns revenue from producing and publishing games, mainly puzzle and adventure titles. In fiscal 2021 the group reported revenue of 39.08 mln PLN, up from the prior year, pointing to a recovery after a weaker period. The company's financial structure is relatively solid, with a high share of equity financing 1.

    SWOT

    Strengths

    • Solid financial structure with high equity relative to total assets.
    • Revenue growth in fiscal 2021 compared with the prior year.
    • Low financial debt relative to EBITDA.

    Weaknesses

    • Dependence on capitalised costs of games in development, which can be impaired.
    • Revenue concentrated mainly in one segment of activity.
    • Limited data on competition and market share in the documents analysed.

    Opportunities

    • Launching new games could expand the revenue base.
    • Reinvesting cash flows in development could support growth.
    • Expansion into new markets could diversify revenue sources.

    Threats

    • Exchange rate changes can affect financial results.
    • Intense competition in the games industry can reduce revenue.
    • Shifts in player preferences could reduce interest in existing titles.

    Risks

    • Impairment of development costshigh

      Capitalised game costs may need impairment if titles do not generate the expected revenue, which would affect results.

    • Currency riskmedium

      Receivables and liabilities denominated in foreign currency can produce exchange differences that affect profit.

    • Concentration of activitymedium

      Reliance on one type of product can make revenue vulnerable to market changes.

    • Intense competitionmedium

      The video game industry has many competitors, which can pressure prices and market share.

    • Dependence on skilled stafflow

      Game development relies on a relatively small number of employees, and losing key staff could affect projects.

    Investment thesis

    What would need to be true (bull case)

    • If the fiscal 2021 revenue becomes a stable trend, the group could have a stronger financial base for new releases.
    • The high equity share and low financial debt give flexibility against operational shocks.
    • Capitalising development costs can support accounting profit as long as games generate revenue.

    What would break the thesis

    • Capitalised game assets form a large part of the balance sheet, and an impairment could sharply reduce profit.
    • Revenue depends on the success of a limited number of titles, making results volatile from year to year.
    • Currency exposure and intense competition could pressure margins over the medium term.

    What to watch

    • Trend in revenue and net result compared with fiscal 20212022
    • Level of capitalised games in development and any impairments2022
    • Exchange differences recognised in profit2022
    • New game releases and their commercial performancenext annual report

    Products, market & competition

    AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

    The business

    The Artifex Mundi group, based in Poland, operates through the parent Artifex Mundi S.A. and several subsidiaries, two of which are in liquidation. Revenue comes from developing and selling video games, and at 31 December 2021 the group had on average 60 employees, mainly intellectual-work staff. The financial report shows that activity depends on game development costs, which are capitalised on the balance sheet and amortised later 1.

    The shareholder base includes several investment and pension funds holding significant stakes, and transactions with related parties, including members of management, are reported as being carried out on market terms 1.

    Segments

    Production and accounting services for subsidiaries

    The parent provides accounting services and cooperation in game production to its subsidiaries, which is part of the group model. These intra-group transactions are eliminated from the consolidated statements, which limits separate visibility of this flow 1.

    Other activities

    The remaining activity relates to subsidiaries in liquidation, which did not contribute materially to consolidated results in fiscal 2021 and form a residual part of the group 1.

    Market context

    Market risks include exposure to the exchange rate, since part of receivables and liabilities is denominated in foreign currency, and the reported sensitivity shows that 10% currency moves could affect financial results 1.

    Trends

    • Growing game revenuetailwind

      Group revenue rose in fiscal 2021 compared with 2020, suggesting recent releases supported activity. If this trend holds, it could support the capitalisation of development costs with better coverage.

    • Rising capitalised development costsmixed

      Capitalisation of games in development increased significantly, which defers the recognition of expenses in profit. This can improve short-term accounting profit but raises the risk of impairment if games do not generate the expected revenue.

    • Exchange rate fluctuationsheadwind

      Currency exposure of receivables and some liabilities can produce exchange differences that affect financial results. The effect depends on the movement of currencies in which revenues are collected.

    • Strengthening financial structuretailwind

      The ratio of equity to assets improved and financial debt declined relative to EBITDA, suggesting a better funding capacity. If this continues, financial flexibility could increase.

    Competitive position

    The analysed sources do not explicitly name the company's competitors, so this section relies on general industry information. Competition in mobile and desktop video games is intense, and the group's relative position cannot be measured with the documents available.

    Competitive advantage depends on the ability to release games that attract players and to manage development costs, since capitalised assets form an important part of the balance sheet.

    • Video game industry competitors

      The sources do not name competitors; no ticker can be identified from the documents analysed.

    • Independent puzzle game studios

      General category of competitors, with no names given in the sources.

    • Mobile game developers

      General category; the analysed sources contain no data on them.

    • Adventure game publishers

      General category, not precisely identified in the documents.

    News & filings

    In the press

    No news in our archive over the last 180 days.

    Annual reports (ESEF)

    Sources

    1. [1] Annual report, fiscal year ended 2021-12-31 (ESEF) · SEC / Artifex Mundi S.A. · 31 Dec 2021

    Figures computed by olivLaw from ESEF annual reports and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.