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olivLaw · European equity research

ERG S.p.A. ERG.MI

Italy · Euronext Milan · ISIN IT0001157020 · Vertical: Listed companies from Italy

22.08EUR−0.36% · 1 dayClose 05 Nov 2026

ERG is an independent operator of renewable energy active in several European countries and, since 2024, in the United States. The group has focused on wind and solar after exiting thermoelectric activities, and its adjusted gross operating margin of 535 million euro in 2024 shows the scale of the business.

At the close of 05 Nov 2026, ERG S.p.A. (ERG.MI) stock was 22.08 EUR (−0.36% on the day), with dividend yield 4.53%, beta 0.31, 52-week range 20.62–24.94 EUR.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: ESEF annual reports and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
unavailable
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
E/P (TTM)
unavailable
Dividend yield
4.53%
DPS 12m 1.00
Beta (2y)
0.31
Volatility (1y) 27%
52-week range
20.6224.94

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
50.0
neutral
Bollinger (20, 2)
21.52 – 22.58
in the upper half of the band · %B 0.53 · band width 4.8%
SMA 50 / 200
22.23 / 22.63
downtrend (price < SMA50 < SMA200)
MACD (12, 26, 9)
-0.10 / -0.11
MACD above signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyEURO STOXX 50vs EURO STOXX 50Vertical median
1 month−1.3%−0.6%−0.6 pp—
3 months+1.6%−4.2%+5.7 pp—
6 months−3.2%+4.3%−7.6 pp—
Year to date+0.5%+7.5%−7.1 pp—
1 year−3.0%+9.9%−12.9 pp−6.1%
3 years−6.6%+49.8%−56.4 pp+7.7%
5 years−28.1%+42.8%−70.9 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−17.3%
27 Feb 2026 → 24 Mar 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−54.6%
25 Aug 2022 → 07 Apr 2025
Compound annual growth (5y)
−6.4%
EURO STOXX 50 +7.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

EPS unavailable in the issuer's structured filings (e.g. a partnership reports per unit, not per share).

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Fiscal years

Fiscal year202220232024
Revenue713.8 m740.9 m738.1 m
Revenue YoYunavailable+3.8%−0.4%
Net income378.9 m178.7 m187.1 m
Net income YoYunavailable−52.9%+4.7%
Diluted EPSunavailableunavailableunavailable
Diluted EPS YoYunavailableunavailableunavailable
net %53.1%24.1%25.3%
Free cash flow353.8 m582.4 m256.1 m

Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2024 · 31 Dec 2024

Cash
601.0 m EUR
Financial debt
unavailable EUR
Net debt
unavailable EUR
Equity
2.2 bn EUR
Total assets
6.3 bn EUR
Debt / equity
unavailable
Current ratio
1.35x
ROE
8.6%
ROA
3.2%
FCF margin
34.7%

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (EUR)

Margins

Income statement · EUR

Revenue
2022
713.8 m
2023
740.9 m
2024
738.1 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Operating income
2022
220.8 m
2023
304.2 m
2024
252.6 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Interest expense
2022
112.2 m
2023
217.2 m
2024
108.9 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Pre-tax income
2022
186.5 m
2023
290.1 m
2024
223.4 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Income tax
2022
97.6 m
2023
74.1 m
2024
33.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Net income
2022
378.9 m
2023
178.7 m
2024
187.1 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Dividend per share
2022
—
2023
1.00
2024
1.00

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Balance sheet · EUR

Cash
2022
392.8 m
2023
467.6 m
2024
601.0 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Inventories
2022
17.6 m
2023
20.0 m
2024
23.4 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Current assets
2022
1.1 bn
2023
1.1 bn
2024
1.3 bn

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2022
2.1 bn
2023
2.4 bn
2024
3.0 bn

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Goodwill
2022
408.0 m
2023
412.5 m
2024
454.0 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Total assets
2022
5.2 bn
2023
5.2 bn
2024
6.3 bn

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Current liabilities
2022
746.4 m
2023
444.6 m
2024
983.4 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Total liabilities
2022
3.2 bn
2023
3.1 bn
2024
4.1 bn

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Equity
2022
2.1 bn
2023
2.1 bn
2024
2.2 bn

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Cash flow · EUR

Operating cash flow
2022
661.9 m
2023
882.5 m
2024
484.2 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Capex
2022
308.1 m
2023
300.1 m
2024
228.1 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Free cash flow
2022
353.8 m ≈
2023
582.4 m ≈
2024
256.1 m ≈

esef· 15 Apr 2025derived

Investing cash flow
2022
648.0 m
2023
-316.5 m
2024
-707.1 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Financing cash flow
2022
-1.8 bn
2023
-491.2 m
2024
356.4 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Dividends paid
2022
139.1 m
2023
154.0 m
2024
152.1 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Share repurchases
2022
0
2023
61.4 m
2024
47.3 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
-0.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Revenue CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
-16.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net income growth (YoY)
4.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net income CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
-56.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Profitability

Gross margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
34.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net margin
25.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
FCF margin
34.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Returns

ROE
8.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
ROA
3.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
4.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Payout ratio (EPS)
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (FCF)
59.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Balance sheet

Net debt
unavailable
input data missing
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
unavailable
input data missing
Interest coverage
2.3x
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Liquidity

Current ratio
1.4x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Quick ratio
1.3x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Cash ratio
0.6x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024

Cash

Operating cash flow
484.2 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Capital expenditure
228.1 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Free cash flow
256.1 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
FCF conversion
136.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
Earnings yield
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
P/S
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
4.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • indicators available: 5 of at least 6
  • score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

22.08 EUR

05 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: unavailable

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
8.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Net margin
25.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Revenue growth (YoY)
-0.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Dividend yield
4.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Coverage and freshness

23/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2024
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2024
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2024
Source: esefpublished 15 Apr 2025
verified 70

The data is older than the freshness threshold.

Score by group

27% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

Low
13.60
EUR per share
Mid
15.69
EUR per share
High
18.55
EUR per share
Price: 22.08 EUR
The price is above the range
Potential to the central value: -28.9% (value / price − 1)
Margin of safety: -40.7% (1 − price / value)
Agreement between methods: single method · 1 methods used · 1 independent bases

The combined range = the median of the valid methods' low, central and high values; it is not a probability interval and does not cover every result. Envelope of all methods: 13.60 – 18.55 EUR.

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Method ranges (EUR per share)

— — Mid · ▏ Price

Valuation methods

  • DCF (discounted cash flow)unavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: EV/EBITDAunavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: P/Eunavailable · input data missing
  • Dividend discount (DDM)13.60 – 18.55 (Mid 15.69)

Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

Risk-free rate
3.0%
Equity risk premium
5.5%
Beta (default)
1.00
Cost of equity
8.5%
Terminal growth
2.0%

Factor scorecard

Insufficient data

Minimum-evidence gate: indicators available: 5 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%

FactorValueScoreWeight used
ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
Net margin · Quality25.3%90 (vs peers)23%
FCF conversion · Quality136.9%100 (on a fixed band)23%
Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
EPS CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Interest coverage · Balance sheet2.3x13 (on a fixed band)23%
Current ratio · Balance sheet1.4x46 (on a fixed band)15%
P/E (TTM) · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
Payout ratio (FCF) · Returns59.4%87 (on a fixed band)15%

Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

Score groups

  • Balance sheet26/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Growth· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
  • Quality95/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Returns· partial87/100 · 1/2 factors with a value
  • Valuation· partialunavailable · 0/3 factors with a value

A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

Memo

ERG S.P.A. (ERG.MI). Latest full fiscal year: 2024; data up to 2024-12-31.

Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 738.1 m EUR in 2024; YoY growth -0.4%; net margin 25.3%; ROE 8.7%.

The estimated value range is 13.60–18.55 EUR per share (median of 1 methods, agreement: single method); assumptions are illustrative. Against the central value of 15.69 EUR, the price of 22.08 EUR leaves a potential of -28.9% (value / price − 1) and a margin of safety of -40.7% (1 − price / value). The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

Insufficient data for a verdict (indicators available: 5 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%).

Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

What supports the thesis

  • Net margin: 25.3%
  • FCF conversion: 136.9%
  • Payout ratio (FCF): 59.4%

What contradicts it

  • Interest coverage: 2.3x
  • The price is above the estimated value range

Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, Revenue CAGR 3Y, EPS CAGR 3Y, Net debt / EBITDA, P/E (TTM), EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Shareholder yield (distributions).

Versus the vertical median

Listed companies from Italy · same country · compared with 39 companies

Multiples and returns vs the median

P/E
—
vertical median 15.7x
EV/EBITDA
—
vertical median 8.1x
P/S
—
vertical median 1.1x
P/B
—
vertical median 1.1x
ROE
8.7%
vertical median 8.5%
at median
Net margin
25.3%
vertical median 6.2%
above median (+307.9%)
EBIT margin
34.2%
vertical median 9.5%
above median (+261.0%)
Revenue YoY
-0.4%
vertical median 0.4%
below median (−190.9%)
Net debt/EBITDA
—
vertical median 0.5x
Dividend yield
4.5%
vertical median 3.7%
above median (+23.4%)

Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

Companies in the vertical

Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
DLG.MIDe' Longhi S.p.a.6.8 bn21.515.4%8.4%+8.7%+24% / +60%
ACE.MIAcea S.p.a.4.6 bn9.618.2%16.6%+0.2%−4% / +73%
DIA.MIDiasorin S.p.a.4.3 bn28.39.2%13.0%+0.8%+31% / −7%
CRL.MICarel Industries S.p.a.2.9 bn39.516.1%11.7%+8.7%+3% / +10%
AMP.MIAmplifon S.p.a.2.7 bn29.98.5%3.8%−0.6%−9% / −58%
CMB.MICembre S.p.a.1.3 bn27.020.6%18.9%+6.7%+11% / +108%
COM.MIComer Industries S.p.a.1.3 bn18.612.8%7.1%−23.0%+8% / +64%
DNR.MIIndustrie De Nora S.p.a.1.1 bn13.48.6%9.4%+1.4%−22% / −62%
ARN.MIAlerion Clean Power S.p.a. In Forma Abbreviata Alerion S.p.a.969.2 m10.423.5%41.0%+1.8%−5% / −23%
AVIO.MIAvio S.p.a.883.6 m86.82.1%1.8%+21.5%+18% / +291%
CIR.MICir S.p.a. - Compagnie Industriali Riunite783.3 m6.017.1%7.3%+1.6%+4% / +72%
ASC.MIAscopiave S.p.a.646.3 m18.04.2%17.5%+13.4%−8% / +33%
AC5.MIAcinque S.p.a.412.6 m19.64.1%3.6%+0.2%−6% / +8%
BAN.MIBasic Net S.p.a.348.0 m—-4.9%-3.5%+0.4%−30% / +5%
ADB.MIAeroporto Guglielmo Marconi Di Bologna S.p.a.324.7 m13.111.1%13.7%+9.2%−2% / +12%
CAI.MICairo Communication S.p.a.289.2 m6.48.1%4.4%−1.3%−22% / +28%
ECNL.MIAquafil S.p.a.129.6 m—-3.2%-0.9%−3.9%−1% / −52%
BEC.MIB&C Speakers S.p.a.118.7 m11.718.5%10.2%−1.3%−26% / −32%
ABT.MIAbitare In S.p.a.76.0 m276.00.4%0.4%+39.8%−6% / −47%
ELC.MIElica S.p.a.64.3 m—-7.8%-2.2%+1.9%−34% / −48%
DEX.MIDexelance S.p.a.50.7 m2.811.0%5.4%+12.6%−63% / −78%
CLE.MIClass Editori S.p.a.35.1 m—-29.2%-3.8%−0.7%−9% / +106%
CLF.MICaleffi - S.p.a.11.6 m5.210.9%3.8%−2.5%−4% / −10%
AEF.MIAeffe S.p.a.10.1 m0.521.9%7.7%−21.3%−59% / −86%
BC.MIBrunello Cucinelli S.p.a.6.2 m0.026.5%75,526.1%0.0%−5% / +15%

1- and 3-year price returns: for ERG.MI from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

olivLaw engine forecast

The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

The engine has no published run for this company yet.

Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

Illustrative scenarios

Scenarios are not available. input data missing

AI analysis

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

In brief

ERG is an independent operator of renewable energy active in several European countries and, since 2024, in the United States. The group has focused on wind and solar after exiting thermoelectric activities, and its adjusted gross operating margin of 535 million euro in 2024 shows the scale of the business 1.

SWOT

Strengths

  • Leading position in Italian wind and a diversified European presence.
  • Renewables-focused business model after exiting thermoelectric.
  • In-house maintenance for part of the parks.

Weaknesses

  • Revenues are sensitive to weaker wind and sun, which vary from year to year.
  • Lower sale prices reduced margins in several countries.
  • Adjusted net debt is high relative to gross operating margin.

Opportunities

  • Development of the US portfolio could add projects through the Apex partnership.
  • New UK ancillary services mechanisms could open extra revenue.
  • PPA contracts with corporate customers could secure long-term revenue.

Threats

  • Price caps or extraordinary taxes may limit revenues in some countries.
  • Grid curtailment in Northern Ireland may reduce sold output.
  • Changes to the US tax regime could affect production tax credits.

Risks

  • Wind and irradiation variabilityhigh

    Production depends on weather, and actual results could differ from estimates if wind or sun is weaker 1.

  • Energy priceshigh

    Sale prices could fall more than expected, as happened in 2024 1.

  • Regulation and special taxesmedium

    Measures such as the Romanian extraordinary tax or UK regulatory changes may alter revenues 1.

  • US integrationmedium

    Expansion in the United States carries execution risk and dependence on tax credits and PPA contracts 1.

  • Indebtednessmedium

    The level of adjusted net debt could limit flexibility for investment if margins decline 1.

Investment thesis

What would need to be true (bull case)

  • Leading wind position in Italy, combined with the estimated growth in adjusted gross operating margin for 2025, could support a recovery if wind and price conditions improve 1.
  • The US entry and projects under development could add growth if they turn into installed capacity 1.
  • If UK investments and scheduled parks meet their timelines, revenues could rise in 2025 and 2026 1.

What would break the thesis

  • Lower market prices and restrictive regulation in several countries could keep margins under pressure 1.
  • Dependence on wind and sun makes results volatile, and a weak year could reduce revenues again 1.
  • High net debt and large investments could limit distributions and financial flexibility if results do not follow estimates 1.

What to watch

  • Delivery of the adjusted gross operating margin guidance of 540 to 600 million euro2025
  • Evolution of investments of 190 to 240 million euro and of scheduled parks2025-2026
  • Results of the US portfolio after integration into the group2025
  • Final adjusted net debt compared with the estimate of 1,850 to 1,950 million euroend 2025

Products, market & competition

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

The business

ERG S.p.A. is an independent operator of clean energy from renewable sources, present in nine European countries and, from April 2024, in the United States. The group is the first wind operator in Italy and among the top ten in European onshore wind, with solar activities in Italy, France and Spain 1. Total installed renewable capacity was 3,845 MW, of which 3,184 MW wind and 661 MW solar 1. After the sale of the thermoelectric business at the end of 2023, the company became a pure wind and solar model 1.

Industrial and commercial management is concentrated in the subsidiary ERG Power Generation S.p.A., which handles energy management and sales for all technologies, with long-term contracts to secure production 1. The same subsidiary also runs operation and maintenance of wind and solar plants, including in-house maintenance of Italian parks and part of those in France and Germany 1.

For 2025 the group estimates adjusted gross operating margin between 540 and 600 million euro, above the 2024 result 1. Investments are expected between 190 and 240 million euro, including the recent UK acquisition and parks due to come online between 2025 and 2026 1.

Segments

Wind France

In France, 2024 production was 1210 GWh, down from 2023 due to lower wind 1. Adjusted revenue fell to 100 million euro because of lower prices and volumes, partly offset by the early-2024 acquisition and new greenfield parks 1. The net unit wind price was 82 euro/MWh 1.

Wind Germany

In Germany, production fell to 568 GWh due to weaker wind in the fourth quarter, with a sharp drop in revenue and a lower net unit price 1. Adjusted gross operating margin declined, and investments were mainly linked to the repowering of one park 1.

United States

Entry into the US came through the partnership with Apex Clean Energy, with a wind and solar portfolio of 317 MW and a cooperation agreement for about 1 GW of new projects under development 1. Revenue also includes the production tax credit, which strongly affects margins in this area 1.

Market context

The markets in which ERG operates are linked to energy sale prices, support mechanisms and different regulatory regimes, from the UK balancing system to green certificates in Romania and from Bulgarian reference prices to price caps in Poland 1. In Romania, from April 2024, an extraordinary tax obliged plants to sell via PPA at 400 lei/MWh, about 80 euro/MWh 1.

The UK ancillary services market has opened to new resources, and Northern Ireland's grid has high curtailment of renewable output, which could affect park revenues if the announced measures are successfully applied 1.

Trends

  • Lower market pricesheadwind

    Falling market prices reduced unit revenues in several countries in 2024, especially in France and Spain 1.

  • Grid cost rules in Germanymixed

    In Germany, the new framework could redistribute grid costs to consumers through compensation for regions with many renewables 1.

  • UK grid investmenttailwind

    The Beyond 2030 plan foresees major UK grid investment and connection of much offshore wind, which could support long-term projects 1.

  • US production tax creditmixed

    The production tax credit contributes significantly to US revenues but depends on the future tax regime 1.

Competitive position

ERG competes in energy markets where prices are set by supply and demand, and PPA agreements with corporate customers are an important part of the commercial strategy 1. Competitors are not explicitly identified in the source provided.

ERG's position depends on its ability to secure long-term contracts and to take part in new market mechanisms such as UK balancing services 1.

  • Other European wind and solar developers

    The source does not name direct competitors; these operate in the same activity area.

  • Independent US renewable developers

    The US market is new for ERG, and competition comes from local wind and solar project developers.

  • Utilities with renewable assets

    Competition may come from integrated companies that own renewables alongside grids and distribution.

  • Corporate PPA buyers

    They are not direct competitors but influence the terms of contracts ERG negotiates.

News & filings

In the press

No news in our archive over the last 180 days.

Annual reports (ESEF)

Sources

  1. [1] Annual report, fiscal year ended 2024-12-31 (ESEF) · SEC / ERG S.p.A. · 31 Dec 2024

Figures computed by olivLaw from ESEF annual reports and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.