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Julong Holding Ltd JLHL

Services-Engineering Services · SIC 8711 · Vertical: Services-Engineering Services (SIC 8711)

7.10USD+7.41% · 1 dayClose 04 Nov 2026

Julong Holding Ltd is a Chinese provider of intelligent integrated solutions for public utilities, commercial properties and multifamily housing, operating since 1997 and listed on Nasdaq in June 2025. Revenue reached 252.0 million RMB in fiscal 2025, and engineering contracts make up nearly all of sales, which makes the company sensitive to China's infrastructure investment cycle.

The AI analysis may be outdated: new filings came after its sources (see the «AI analysis» section).

At the close of 04 Nov 2026, Julong Holding Ltd (JLHL) stock was 7.10 USD (+7.41% on the day), with market capitalisation 152.3 m USD, P/E 39.4 on diluted EPS of 0.18 USD over the last 12 months, beta 1.30, 52-week range 3.05–44.80 USD.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: SEC filings and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
152.3 m USD
shares as of 30 Sept 2025
P/E (TTM)
39.4
Diluted EPS TTM 0.18 · TTM to 30 Sept 2025
E/P (TTM)
2.54%
TTM to 30 Sept 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
Beta (2y)
1.30
Volatility (1y) 261%
52-week range
3.0544.80

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
73.1
overbought (≥ 70)
Bollinger (20, 2)
3.73 – 6.60
above the upper band · %B 1.17 · band width 55.7%
SMA 50 / 200
5.35 / 9.66
mixed trend
MACD (12, 26, 9)
0.31 / 0.04
MACD above signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyS&P 500vs S&P 500Vertical median
1 month+80.2%−1.1%+81.3 pp—
3 months−24.1%−0.5%−23.6 pp—
6 months−68.0%+4.4%−72.4 pp—
Year to date+76.2%+12.3%+63.9 pp—
1 year+74.9%+13.5%+61.3 pp−13.7%
3 yearsunavailable+76.4%unavailable+133.3%
5 yearsunavailable+63.7%unavailable—
Max drawdown (1y)
−93.2%
05 Jun 2026 → 08 Jul 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−93.2%
05 Jun 2026 → 08 Jul 2026
Compound annual growth (5y)
unavailable
S&P 500 +10.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Today's P/E sits at the 100 percentile of its own 1-quarter history (min 26.1, median 26.1, max 26.1; quarters with earnings only).

Fiscal years

Fiscal year202320242025
Revenueunavailableunavailable35.9 k
Revenue YoYunavailableunavailableunavailable
Net incomeunavailableunavailable3.7 m
Net income YoYunavailableunavailableunavailable
Diluted EPSunavailableunavailable0.18
Diluted EPS YoYunavailableunavailableunavailable
net %unavailableunavailable10,226.0%
Free cash flowunavailableunavailableunavailable

Reported results vs expectations

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Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2025 · 30 Sept 2025

Cash
8.7 m USD
Financial debt
1.4 m USD
Net debt
-7.3 m USD
Equity
9.8 m USD
Total assets
47.8 m USD
Debt / equity
0.14x
Current ratio
1.21x
ROE
unavailable
ROA
7.7%
FCF margin
unavailable

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (USD)

Income statement · USD

Revenue
2023
—
2024
—
2025
35.9 k

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Cost of revenue
2023
—
2024
—
2025
29.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Gross profit
2023
—
2024
—
2025
5.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

SG&A
2023
—
2024
—
2025
1.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Operating income
2023
—
2024
—
2025
4.3 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Pre-tax income
2023
—
2024
—
2025
4.3 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Income tax
2023
—
2024
—
2025
649.2 k

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Net income
2023
—
2024
—
2025
3.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Diluted EPS
2023
—
2024
—
2025
0.18

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Weighted average diluted shares
2023
20.0 m
2024
20.0 m
2025
20.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Balance sheet · USD

Cash
2023
—
2024
2.9 m
2025
8.7 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Receivables
2023
—
2024
—
2025
2.1 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Current assets
2023
—
2024
—
2025
46.0 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2023
—
2024
—
2025
11.7 k

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Total assets
2023
—
2024
—
2025
47.8 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Accounts payable
2023
—
2024
—
2025
3.1 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Short-term debt
2023
—
2024
—
2025
1.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Current liabilities
2023
—
2024
—
2025
37.9 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Total liabilities
2023
—
2024
—
2025
38.0 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Equity
2023
—
2024
—
2025
9.8 m †

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Shares outstanding at year end
2023
—
2024
—
2025
21.4 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Cash flow · USD

Operating cash flow
2023
—
2024
—
2025
36.5 k

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Capex
2023
99.0 k
2024
11.8 k
2025
—

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Investing cash flow
2023
-99.0 k
2024
-59.1 m
2025
—

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Financing cash flow
2023
—
2024
—
2025
5.8 m

SEC (XBRL)· 13 Feb 2026verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Net income growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing

Profitability

Gross margin
15,845.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
12,069.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Net margin
10,226.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF margin
68.8%
computed by olivLawFY 2025

Returns

ROE
37.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
ROA
7.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
ROIC
149.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
ROCE
44.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Payout ratio (EPS)
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (FCF)
unavailable
input data missing

Balance sheet

Net debt
-7.3 m USD
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
0.1x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Interest coverage
unavailable
input data missing

Liquidity

Current ratio
1.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Quick ratio
unavailable
input data missing
Cash ratio
0.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025

Cash

Operating cash flow
36.5 k USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Capital expenditure
11.8 k USD
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Free cash flow
24.7 k USD
computed by olivLawFY 2025
FCF conversion
0.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
21,014 days
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
38 days
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
152.3 m USD
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Enterprise value
144.9 m USD
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Market cap / net income TTM
41.5x
computed by olivLawFY 2025
P/E (TTM)
39.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Earnings yield
2.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
P/B
15.5x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
P/S
4,239.1x
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
33.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
EV/Sales
4,034.8x
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
P/FCF
6,161.2x
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
FCF yield
0.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Dividend yield
unavailable
no dividend in the structured statements; a missing line is not a confirmed zero
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • score weight coverage: 45.8% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

7.10 USD

04 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: 152.3 m USD

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
152.3 m USD
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
P/E (TTM)
39.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2025
P/B
15.5x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
37.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2025 · balance sheet at 30 Sept 2025
Net margin
10,226.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2025
Revenue growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
unavailable
no dividend in the structured statements; a missing line is not a confirmed zero

Coverage and freshness

25/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2025
Latest reported period: 30 Sept 2025
Latest balance sheet date: 30 Sept 2025
Share count (cover of the latest filing), as of: 30 Sept 2025
Source: SEC (XBRL)published 13 Feb 2026
verified 33

The data is older than the freshness threshold.

Score by group

46% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

Low
4.44
USD per share
Mid
4.73
USD per share
High
5.63
USD per share
Price: 7.10 USD
The price is above the range
Potential to the central value: -33.4% (value / price − 1)
Margin of safety: -50.2% (1 − price / value)
Agreement between methods: single method · 1 methods used · 1 independent bases

The combined range = the median of the valid methods' low, central and high values; it is not a probability interval and does not cover every result. Envelope of all methods: 4.44 – 5.63 USD.

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Method ranges (USD per share)

— — Mid · ▏ Price

Valuation methods

  • DCF (discounted cash flow)unavailable · input data missing
  • Peers: EV/EBITDAunavailable · input data missing
  • Peers: P/E4.44 – 5.63 (Mid 4.73)
    5 companies used · median multiple 26.3x · quartiles 24.7x – 31.3x
    ACFN, ACM, MG, TTEK, WLDN
  • Dividend discount (DDM)unavailable · the company pays no dividend: a dividend model needs an explicit initiation assumption
Multiple comparisons use the SIC vertical: Services-Engineering Services (SIC 8711)

Classification (SIC) comparables group by industry code, not by economic activity; the direct group is an editorial selection by activity. Members' multiples are on their own trailing twelve months, at their own latest close.

Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

Risk-free rate
4.3%
Equity risk premium
5.0%
Beta (default)
1.00
Cost of equity
9.3%
Terminal growth
2.5%

Factor scorecard

Insufficient data

Minimum-evidence gate: score weight coverage: 45.8% of at least 60%

FactorValueScoreWeight used
ROIC · Quality149.4%100 (vs peers)23%
Net margin · Quality10,226.0%100 (vs peers)14%
FCF conversion · Quality0.7%0 (on a fixed band)14%
Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
EPS CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Interest coverage · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Current ratio · Balance sheet1.2x34 (on a fixed band)9%
P/E (TTM) · Valuation39.4x17 (vs peers)23%
EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
FCF yield · Valuation0.0%0 (on a fixed band)18%
Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
Payout ratio (FCF) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—

Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

Score groups

  • Balance sheet· partial34/100 · 1/3 factors with a value
  • Growth· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
  • Quality73/100 · 3/3 factors with a value
  • Returns· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
  • Valuation9/100 · 2/3 factors with a value

A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

Memo

Julong Holding Ltd (JLHL). Latest full fiscal year: 2025; data up to 2025-09-30.

Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 35.9 k USD in 2025; net margin 10,226.0%; ROE 37.5%.

The estimated value range is 4.44–5.63 USD per share (median of 1 methods, agreement: single method); assumptions are illustrative. Against the central value of 4.73 USD, the price of 7.10 USD leaves a potential of -33.4% (value / price − 1) and a margin of safety of -50.2% (1 − price / value). The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

Insufficient data for a verdict (score weight coverage: 45.8% of at least 60%).

Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

What supports the thesis

  • ROIC: 149.4%
  • Net margin: 10,226.0%

What contradicts it

  • FCF conversion: 0.7%
  • P/E (TTM): 39.4x
  • FCF yield: 0.0%
  • The price is above the estimated value range

Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): Revenue CAGR 3Y, EPS CAGR 3Y, Net debt / EBITDA, Interest coverage, EV/EBITDA, Shareholder yield (distributions), Payout ratio (FCF).

Versus the vertical median

Services-Engineering Services (SIC 8711) · same industry (4-digit SIC) · compared with 8 companies

Multiples and returns vs the median

P/E
39.4x
vertical median 28.8x
above median (+37.2%)
EV/EBITDA
—
vertical median 15.8x
P/S
4,239.1x
vertical median 2.1x
above median (+204,909.1%)
P/B
15.5x
vertical median 3.2x
above median (+381.5%)
ROE
37.5%
vertical median 13.9%
above median (+169.6%)
Net margin
10,226.0%
vertical median 5.7%
above median (+179,079.8%)
EBIT margin
12,069.8%
vertical median 7.1%
above median (+171,032.4%)
Revenue YoY
—
vertical median 4.7%
Net debt/EBITDA
—
vertical median 0.9x
Dividend yield
—
vertical median 0.7%

Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

Companies in the vertical

Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
TTEKTetra Tech Inc10.5 bn24.724.3%8.6%+4.7%+18% / +29%
ACMAecom8.8 bn31.312.3%1.9%+0.2%−34% / −23%
VSECVse Corporation4.6 bn59.93.8%5.5%+41.5%−9% / +171%
WLDNWilldan Group, Inc.1.1 bn17.421.2%8.8%unavailable−26% / +271%
MGMistras Group, Inc.644.7 m32.18.8%2.8%−0.8%+69% / +206%
JLHLJulong Holding Ltd152.3 m39.437.5%10,226.0%unavailable+75% / unavailable
ACFNAcorn Energy, Inc.40.4 m26.319.7%16.1%+4.5%+8% / +133%
OFALOFA Group7.6 m—-68.9%-1,119.1%+254.9%−97% / unavailable
STNStantec Inc.——15.5%5.9%+8.6%−18% / +6%

1- and 3-year price returns: for JLHL from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

olivLaw engine forecast

The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

The engine has no published run for this company yet.

Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

Illustrative scenarios

Scenarios are not available. input data missing

AI analysis

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

Possibly outdated: the newest document it read is from 13 Feb 2026; since then the company filed 6-K (29 Sept 2026), 6-K (20 Aug 2026), 6-K (18 Aug 2026), 6-K (16 Jun 2026).

In brief

Julong Holding Ltd is a Chinese provider of intelligent integrated solutions for public utilities, commercial properties and multifamily housing, operating since 1997 and listed on Nasdaq in June 2025. Revenue reached 252.0 million RMB in fiscal 2025, and engineering contracts make up nearly all of sales, which makes the company sensitive to China's infrastructure investment cycle.

SWOT

Strengths

  • Over two decades of experience in complex projects and a reputation for on-time delivery.
  • Rapid revenue growth and an improving gross margin in the latest fiscal year.
  • A subcontracting model that lets the company focus resources on management and quality control.

Weaknesses

  • Very heavy dependence on a few customers that account for nearly all revenue.
  • Operation and maintenance revenue declined, showing a still-limited recurring base.
  • Rising credit loss provisions have added pressure on administrative expenses.

Opportunities

  • Expansion into utility and transport projects could diversify the customer base.
  • Growing maintenance work on existing contracts could create steadier revenue.
  • Capital raised through the Nasdaq listing could support larger projects.

Threats

  • An economic slowdown in China could reduce the volume of new contracts.
  • Rules on overseas listings and cash transfers could limit financing options.
  • Risk of US trading prohibition if the auditor cannot be fully inspected by the PCAOB.

Risks

  • Customer dependencehigh

    Extreme revenue concentration on a few customers could seriously affect results if one of them reduces orders.

  • Regulation of overseas listingshigh

    Approvals or filings required by Chinese authorities for the Nasdaq listing could change, affecting the value of the shares.

  • HFCA Actmedium

    If the PCAOB cannot fully inspect auditors in China, the shares could be barred from US trading after two consecutive years.

  • Changes to the backlogmedium

    The contract backlog can be adjusted or cancelled, so the reported value may not fully turn into revenue.

  • Intra-group cash transfersmedium

    Chinese currency controls could limit the transfer of funds to the holding company and to US investors.

Investment thesis

What would need to be true (bull case)

  • Strong growth in revenue and net income in fiscal 2025 suggests the intelligent project model can scale credibly.
  • A rising gross margin points to better cost discipline, which could support profitability as volume grows.
  • The operation and maintenance segment, if it recovers, could bring more predictable recurring revenue than one-off projects.

What would break the thesis

  • Dependence on a small number of customers means any delay or lost contract could have an outsized effect on results.
  • Chinese regulatory risks and US audit rules could restrict access to financing and to trading.
  • Rising provisions for receivables suggest collections may be slower than revenue growth would imply.

What to watch

  • Trend in engineering contracts and the backlognext 10-K
  • Share of revenue from the five largest customers2027
  • Trend in provisions for credit lossesnext 10-K
  • Status of PCAOB inspections of China-based auditors2027

Products, market & competition

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

Possibly outdated: the newest document it read is from 13 Feb 2026; since then the company filed 6-K (29 Sept 2026), 6-K (20 Aug 2026), 6-K (18 Aug 2026), 6-K (16 Jun 2026).

The business

Julong Holding Ltd, called Julong Holding Limited in the filing, is the Cayman Islands holding company of Julong Online (Beijing) Technology Development, founded in 1997 and reoriented in 2012 from individual customers toward utilities, enterprises and commercial buildings. The company runs three business lines: engineering of intelligent projects, operation and maintenance of those projects, and sales of equipment and materials for intelligent systems 1. Since June 2025 its Class A shares trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under JLHL, after an IPO raising about 5.8 million USD gross 1.

Typical projects include security, fire protection, parking, toll collection, broadcasting and emergency command systems, and the company relies on early delivery and one-stop service. Contracts are won through direct negotiation or tendering, and labor-intensive work is subcontracted so the company can focus resources on management and quality control 1. Engineering reached 95.3% of revenue in fiscal 2025, while operation and maintenance fell to 3.6% 1.

The customer base is concentrated: the five largest customers accounted for 92.6% of fiscal 2025 revenue, and the five largest suppliers for 37.3% of purchases 1. The company operates only in China through PRC entities, so it carries the regulatory risks of the Chinese environment, including controls on cash transfers and oversight of overseas listings 1.

Segments

Intelligent project engineering

This is the dominant segment, with revenue of 240.2 million RMB in fiscal 2025 and growth of 48.7% year on year, driven by a larger number of contracts under execution 1.

Equipment and materials sales

A small segment with revenue of 2.8 million RMB in fiscal 2025, up 53.5%, covering cables, security equipment and adaptable software 1.

Market context

The addressable market is intelligent systems for public infrastructure and commercial and residential buildings in China, where demand depends on utility, transport and property investment. The filing cites China's economic growth and adoption of intelligent systems as demand drivers, while intense tender competition can compress the company's margins 1. Gross margin rose to 16.1% in fiscal 2025, reflecting better cost efficiency 1.

Trends

  • Public investment in smart infrastructuretailwind

    Expansion of security and urban transport systems could support demand for the company's projects, especially from public-sector clients.

  • Economic slowdown in Chinaheadwind

    A decline in China's economy could delay new projects and reduce the value of the contract backlog, as the filing warns.

  • Adoption of smart building systemsmixed

    Digitization of residential and commercial buildings may create long-term operation and maintenance opportunities.

  • Price pressure in tendersheadwind

    Greater competition could push the company to cut bid margins, which could weigh on operating results.

Competitive position

The filing says the market is highly competitive, with rivals that can cut prices or improve their solutions, especially in public-sector tenders. The company does not name US-listed competitors in the filing, so a direct comparison with New York-listed peers is not possible from the sources.

The company's stated advantages are its record of on-time delivery, long-standing customer relationships and experienced management and technical teams, but the filing does not quantify these against rivals 1.

  • Local Chinese engineering firms not named in the filing

    The filing mentions competitors without naming them; no verified US ticker is available for them.

  • Chinese system integrators

    Customers include system integrators, which can also compete in tenders; the source gives no names or tickers.

  • Other security and parking system suppliers

    Competition in equipment is described generically in the filing, without named companies.

  • Operation and maintenance service providers

    In maintenance, competition comes from local firms that the source does not identify.

News & filings

Sources

  1. [1] Form 20-F, fiscal year ended 2025-09-30 · SEC / Julong Holding Ltd · 13 Feb 2026

Figures computed by olivLaw from SEC filings and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.