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KCI Spółka Akcyjna KCI.WA

Poland · GPW Warszawa · ISIN PLPONAR00012 · Vertical: Listed companies from Poland

0.81PLN0.00% · 1 dayClose 05 Nov 2026

KCI SA is a Polish holding company which, after losing control of Gremi Media in August 2023, manages mainly financial investments, loan receivables and bonds. Its financial position now depends mainly on recovering these receivables and on realising its remaining stakes.

At the close of 05 Nov 2026, KCI Spółka Akcyjna (KCI.WA) stock was 0.81 PLN (+0.00% on the day), with market capitalisation 54.8 m PLN, P/E 2.4 on diluted EPS of 0.34 PLN over the last 12 months, dividend yield 3.66%, beta 0.11, 52-week range 0.80–0.97 PLN.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: ESEF annual reports and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
54.8 m PLN
shares as of 31 Dec 2023
P/E (TTM)
2.4
Diluted EPS TTM 0.34 · TTM to 31 Dec 2023
E/P (TTM)
42.08%
TTM to 31 Dec 2023
Dividend yield
3.66%
DPS 12m 0.03
Beta (2y)
0.11
Volatility (1y) 20%
52-week range
0.800.97

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
37.7
weak (30–45)
Bollinger (20, 2)
0.80 – 0.85
in the lower half of the band · %B 0.09 · band width 5.1%
SMA 50 / 200
0.86 / 0.89
downtrend (price < SMA50 < SMA200)
MACD (12, 26, 9)
-0.01 / -0.01
MACD above signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyEURO STOXX 50vs EURO STOXX 50Vertical median
1 month−3.1%−0.6%−2.5 pp—
3 months−12.6%−4.2%−8.4 pp—
6 months−14.6%+4.3%−18.9 pp—
Year to date−8.8%+7.5%−16.3 pp—
1 year−16.4%+9.9%−26.3 pp+7.3%
3 years−6.7%+49.8%−56.5 pp+4.1%
5 years−32.7%+42.8%−75.5 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−17.3%
24 Nov 2025 → 03 Nov 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−52.3%
16 Dec 2021 → 22 Sept 2022
Compound annual growth (5y)
−7.6%
EURO STOXX 50 +7.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Today's P/E sits at the 0 percentile of its own 1-quarter history (min 2.7, median 2.7, max 2.7; quarters with earnings only).

Fiscal years

Fiscal year20222023
Revenueunavailableunavailable
Revenue YoYunavailableunavailable
Net income-13.9 m23.1 m
Net income YoYunavailableunavailable
Diluted EPS-0.200.34
Diluted EPS YoYunavailableunavailable
net %unavailableunavailable
Free cash flowunavailableunavailable

Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2023 · 31 Dec 2023

Cash
13.3 m PLN
Financial debt
unavailable PLN
Net debt
unavailable PLN
Equity
354.4 m PLN
Total assets
372.4 m PLN
Debt / equity
unavailable
Current ratio
21.00x
ROE
6.0%
ROA
5.5%
FCF margin
unavailable

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (PLN)

Income statement · PLN

Interest expense
2022
472.0 k
2023
4.8 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Pre-tax income
2022
-65.2 m
2023
2.6 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Income tax
2022
-9.0 m
2023
4.9 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Net income
2022
-13.9 m
2023
23.1 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Diluted EPS
2022
-0.20
2023
0.34

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Dividend per share
2022
0.06
2023
0.03

esef· 07 May 2024derived

Balance sheet · PLN

Cash
2022
12.1 m
2023
13.3 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Receivables
2022
41.0 m
2023
30.3 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Inventories
2022
486.0 k
2023
0

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Current assets
2022
64.6 m
2023
135.9 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2022
3.0 m
2023
0

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Goodwill
2022
28.9 m
2023
0

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Intangibles (excl. goodwill)
2022
106.9 m
2023
10.4 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Total assets
2022
469.1 m
2023
372.4 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Accounts payable
2022
25.4 m
2023
4.7 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Current liabilities
2022
39.6 m
2023
6.5 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Equity
2022
416.0 m
2023
354.4 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Shares outstanding at year end
2022
69.6 m
2023
67.9 m

esef· 07 May 2024derived

Cash flow · PLN

Operating cash flow
2022
-43.3 m
2023
-17.9 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Investing cash flow
2022
-18.3 m
2023
-5.1 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Financing cash flow
2022
41.2 m
2023
24.1 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Dividends paid
2022
4.3 m
2023
2.0 m

esef· 07 May 2024verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Net income growth (YoY)
unavailable
the base of the ratio is not positive
Net income CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
unavailable
the base of the ratio is not positive
EPS CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing

Profitability

Gross margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBITDA margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT margin
unavailable
input data missing
Net margin
unavailable
input data missing
FCF margin
unavailable
input data missing

Returns

ROE
6.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
ROA
5.5%
computed by olivLawFY 2023 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (EPS)
8.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023
Payout ratio (FCF)
unavailable
input data missing

Balance sheet

Net debt
unavailable
input data missing
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
unavailable
input data missing
Interest coverage
unavailable
input data missing

Liquidity

Current ratio
21.0x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
Quick ratio
21.0x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
Cash ratio
2.1x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023

Cash

Operating cash flow
-17.9 m PLN
computed by olivLawFY 2023
Capital expenditure
unavailable
input data missing
Free cash flow
unavailable
input data missing
FCF conversion
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion
unavailable
input data missing

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
54.8 m PLN
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
2.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2023
P/E (TTM)
2.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2023
Earnings yield
42.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2023
P/B
0.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
P/S
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
3.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023
Shareholder yield (distributions)
3.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2023

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • indicators available: 3 of at least 6
  • score weight coverage: 20.8% of at least 60%

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

0.81 PLN

05 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: 54.8 m PLN

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
54.8 m PLN
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
P/E (TTM)
2.4x
computed by olivLawFY 2023
P/B
0.2x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
6.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2023
Net margin
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
3.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2023

Coverage and freshness

22/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2023
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2023
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2023
Share count (cover of the latest filing), as of: 31 Dec 2023
Source: esefpublished 07 May 2024
verified 48derived 4

The data is older than the freshness threshold.

Score by group

21% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

unavailable — no valuation assumptions for the reporting currency

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Valuation methods

    Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

    Risk-free rate
    6.5%
    Equity risk premium
    6.0%
    Beta (default)
    1.00
    Cost of equity
    12.5%
    Terminal growth
    3.0%

    Factor scorecard

    Insufficient data

    Minimum-evidence gate: indicators available: 3 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 20.8% of at least 60%

    FactorValueScoreWeight used
    ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
    Net margin · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
    FCF conversion · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
    Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
    EPS CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
    Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
    Interest coverage · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
    Current ratio · Balance sheet21.0x100 (on a fixed band)20%
    P/E (TTM) · Valuation2.4x85 (vs peers)50%
    EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
    FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
    Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returns3.7%52 (on a fixed band)30%
    Payout ratio (FCF) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—

    Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

    Score groups

    • Balance sheet· partial100/100 · 1/3 factors with a value
    • Growth· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
    • Quality· partialunavailable · 0/3 factors with a value
    • Returns· partial52/100 · 1/2 factors with a value
    • Valuation· partial85/100 · 1/3 factors with a value

    A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

    Memo

    KCI SPÓŁKA AKCYJNA (KCI.WA). Latest full fiscal year: 2023; data up to 2023-12-31.

    Figures computed from the financial statements: ROE 6.7%.

    The estimated value range is 2.27–6.55 PLN per share (median of 1 methods, agreement: single method); assumptions are illustrative. Against the central value of 3.94 PLN, the price of 0.81 PLN leaves a potential of 387.8% (value / price − 1) and a margin of safety of 79.5% (1 − price / value). The range is the median of the methods' low, central and high values, not a probability interval.

    Insufficient data for a verdict (indicators available: 3 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 20.8% of at least 60%).

    Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

    What supports the thesis

    • Current ratio: 21.0x
    • P/E (TTM): 2.4x
    • The price is below the estimated value range

    What contradicts it

    No signal among the computed factors. That is not an absence of risk: factors without data were not assessed, and business risks (margins, inventory, demand) are in the source-based analysis.

    Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, Net margin, FCF conversion, Revenue CAGR 3Y, EPS CAGR 3Y, Net debt / EBITDA, Interest coverage, EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Payout ratio (FCF).

    Versus the vertical median

    Listed companies from Poland · same country · compared with 40 companies

    Multiples and returns vs the median

    P/E
    2.4x
    vertical median 14.5x
    below median (−83.6%)
    EV/EBITDA
    —
    vertical median —
    P/S
    —
    vertical median 1.2x
    P/B
    0.2x
    vertical median 1.0x
    below median (−84.9%)
    ROE
    6.7%
    vertical median 10.2%
    below median (−34.2%)
    Net margin
    —
    vertical median 2.9%
    EBIT margin
    —
    vertical median 6.0%
    Revenue YoY
    —
    vertical median 10.2%
    Net debt/EBITDA
    —
    vertical median —
    Dividend yield
    3.7%
    vertical median 2.8%
    above median (+28.6%)

    Companies in the vertical

    Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
    BDX.WABudimex Spółka Akcyjna19.3 bn36.141.5%6.2%+8.9%+21% / +36%
    ACP.WAAsseco Poland S.A.19.2 bn38.17.8%2.9%+19.8%+19% / +202%
    BFT.WABenefit Systems Spółka Akcyjna18.1 bn131.120.8%7.2%+99.9%+74% / +221%
    CAR.WAInter Cars Spółka Akcyjna14.8 bn21.217.0%3.9%+18.0%+86% / +79%
    ASE.WAAsseco South Eastern Europe Spółka Akcyjna3.7 bn19.818.1%12.0%+36.5%+7% / +52%
    1AT.WAAtal Spółka Akcyjna2.3 bn6.429.8%22.2%−1.3%+7% / +8%
    ATT.WAGrupa Azoty Spółka Akcyjna1.7 bn—-37.9%-20.8%−45.1%−10% / −22%
    ARH.WAArchicom Spółka Akcyjna1.3 bn12.115.9%22.1%−21.6%+13% / +89%
    ACT.WAAction S.A.997.4 m27.18.3%1.5%+6.1%+70% / +170%
    BRS.WABoryszew Spółka Akcyjna889.2 m8.36.3%1.6%+8.4%−24% / −26%
    AGO.WAAgora Spółka Akcyjna601.9 m—-14.2%-9.2%+15.2%+40% / +21%
    AMB.WAAmbra S.A.468.0 m7.616.4%7.0%+12.9%+5% / −33%
    ATC.WAArctic Paper Spółka Akcyjna357.2 m1.416.3%7.0%−27.5%−38% / −75%
    ATG.WA"atm Grupa Spółka Akcyjna"299.3 m11.18.9%11.6%−22.0%−11% / +3%
    ART.WAArtifex Mundi S.A.226.6 m17.435.7%33.3%+51.9%+46% / +12%
    APN.WAAPLISENS Spółka Akcyjna194.6 m9.511.4%13.8%+21.8%−1% / −21%
    BMC.WABumech Spółka Akcyjna155.7 m—-3.4%-3.9%−40.0%−37% / −49%
    ALI.WAALTUS Spolka Akcyjna153.9 m16.87.9%16.9%+30.3%+34% / +48%
    BBT.WABoomBit Spółka Akcyjna71.4 m4.520.7%6.4%−16.5%−19% / −57%
    BBD.WABbi Development S.A.54.1 m1.136.0%208.3%+50.2%+1% / +9%
    ALG.WAAll in! Games Spółka Akcyjna39.8 m——-156.9%−72.2%−27% / −56%
    BMX.WABioMaxima Spółka Akcyjna37.0 m63.21.2%1.3%−67.5%−29% / −45%
    06N.WAMagna Polonia Spółka Akcyjna31.3 m0.5115.4%964.7%+13.0%−28% / −42%
    BCM.WABETACOM Spółka Akcyjna26.7 m17.68.0%0.9%+21.3%+8% / +4%
    AWM.WAAirway Medix Spółka Akcyjna14.3 m—-25.8%-117,400.0%−97.7%−23% / −43%

    1- and 3-year price returns: for KCI.WA from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

    olivLaw engine forecast

    The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

    The engine has no published run for this company yet.

    Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

    Illustrative scenarios

    Scenarios are not available. input data missing

    AI analysis

    AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

    In brief

    KCI SA is a Polish holding company which, after losing control of Gremi Media in August 2023, manages mainly financial investments, loan receivables and bonds. Its financial position now depends mainly on recovering these receivables and on realising its remaining stakes.

    SWOT

    Strengths

    • The group holds significant financial participations and receivables, which can generate interest income and proceeds from asset sales. The balance sheet includes liquid assets and guarantees for part of the loans.
    • Renegotiating loans to a market-linked rate offers partial protection against rate increases. This may improve the predictability of financial income.
    • The purchase option on the Gremi Park bonds gives a contractual mechanism for recovering the investment, with priority over other bondholders in certain situations.

    Weaknesses

    • Losing control over Gremi Media reduced visibility into, and decision-making over, one of the main subsidiaries. Its results are no longer fully consolidated.
    • Concentration of receivables on a few debtors makes the balance sheet sensitive to delays or non-repayment. Some guarantees depend on third parties, and their value is not always liquid.
    • Many assets have no active market price, so their valuation relies on internal assumptions. This uncertainty can affect reported results.

    Opportunities

    • Realising the remaining Gremi Media blocks could bring liquidity and reduce dependence on large receivables. Timing and sale price remain uncertain.
    • If projects linked to the receivables, such as the Nieporaz project, are completed successfully, they could support repayment of loans. This would be a positive change for the balance sheet.
    • A possible stabilisation of Polish money-market conditions could ease pressure on the cost of debt and make interest flows more predictable.

    Threats

    • If debtors or bond issuers cannot meet their obligations, the value of the receivables could fall significantly. Existing guarantees do not necessarily cover the full exposure.
    • Volatility in the value of securities without a liquid market could lead to significant accounting adjustments, which could affect the group's net result.
    • Currency exposure on euro-denominated bonds could generate losses if the zloty strengthens against the euro, although management considers the risk acceptable.

    Risks

    • Credit risk on loanshigh

      Loans granted by KCI SA represent a major part of the assets. If debtors fall behind on payments, the group could be required to recognise impairment losses.

    • Concentration risk on bondshigh

      Bonds issued by Gremi Park and Maris Luxembourg represent a concentrated exposure. Guarantees and contractual options reduce the risk but do not eliminate it entirely.

    • Valuation risk on participationsmedium

      For some assets there is no sufficiently liquid market price, so valuation relies on internal models. If the assumptions change, carrying amounts could be revised.

    • Currency riskmedium

      Euro-denominated bonds and dollar loans expose the group to exchange-rate movements. Management considers the effect limited, but it could become relevant in volatile periods.

    • Liquidity riskmedium

      The group depends on collecting receivables and selling stakes to support its cash flow. If these sources are delayed, short-term obligations could become difficult to cover.

    Investment thesis

    What would need to be true (bull case)

    • If the remaining Gremi Media stake is realised on favourable terms, the group could significantly reduce debt and strengthen the balance sheet.
    • If the projects backing the group's receivables are completed, loan repayment could come faster than currently expected.
    • Renegotiated rates tied to the market can partly protect financial income if interest rates keep moving up or down.

    What would break the thesis

    • If the main debtors do not meet their obligations, impairment losses could weigh on the group's results and equity.
    • Losing control over Gremi Media could limit investors' access to the actual results of the most important subsidiary.
    • Valuing many assets on internal assumptions could lead to later adjustments, which reduces confidence in the reported values.

    What to watch

    • Progress on repayment of loan receivables and the related guarantees2024
    • Timing and value of any sales of Gremi Media stakes2024
    • Progress of the Alvernia Planet project in Nieporaznext 10-K
    • Valuation adjustments applied to bonds without an active marketnext 10-K

    Products, market & competition

    AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

    The business

    The KCI Group operates through the parent KCI SA and its subsidiaries, including Gremi Media and other entities in media and professional services. On 24 August 2023 KCI SA sold 240,416 Gremi Media preference shares for 33658 thousand zł, which resulted in the loss of control over that subsidiary, now treated as an associate.

    After the August 2023 transaction KCI SA holds 19.21% of Gremi Media's share capital, and its share of voting rights fell to 21.20%. Gremi Media is therefore accounted for under the equity method rather than full consolidation, so its results appear only partially in the financial statements.

    The group's lending and investment activity is supported by loans granted by KCI SA totalling 96151 thousand zł at 31 December 2023, together with bonds and financial participations. The balance sheet therefore depends heavily on the ability of debtors and issuers to pay on time.

    Segments

    Stake in Gremi Media

    The stake in Gremi Media, reclassified as an associate after control was lost, forms a significant part of the assets. Its value depends on the performance of that company and on the ability to realise the remaining blocks.

    Loan receivables

    Loans granted by KCI SA are secured by in-blank promissory notes and, in some cases, personal guarantees. Management considers repayment not to be at risk, but these receivables remain the main concentration of credit risk.

    Bonds and financial investments

    The group holds bonds issued by Gremi Park and Maris Luxembourg, partly measured at fair value through profit or loss. Their value can vary considerably, and for some securities there is no sufficiently liquid market price.

    Market context

    The group operates in the Polish capital market and in investment segments in media and real estate. Figures in the annual report are expressed in Polish zloty, and currency exposure was calculated against the EUR and USD rates at 31 December 2023.

    Interest-rate conditions in Poland have affected the cost of the loans granted, which were renegotiated to follow the WIBOR 3M rate. This change reduces fixed-rate risk but makes interest income dependent on developments in the money market.

    Trends

    • Renegotiation of loan interest ratesmixed

      Loans granted were moved to a rate linked to WIBOR, which partly protects the receivables against interest-rate increases. The effect is mixed, because income depends on how the reference rate develops.

    • Loss of control over Gremi Mediaheadwind

      Gremi Media's move to associate status changes the consolidation method and reduces visibility into its operating results. For investors this means less transparency about the subsidiary's income.

    • Monetisation of minority stakestailwind

      Selling blocks of shares, such as those in Gremi Media, may bring liquidity to repay debts. If these transactions go ahead, they could support the group's liquidity position.

    • Real estate projects in the portfoliomixed

      The Nieporaz project carried out through Alvernia Planet suffered delays due to the pandemic and a fire. If the project is completed, it could generate value for the related receivables, although the timetable remains uncertain.

    Competitive position

    KCI SA does not operate in a single market segment, and competition differs according to each subsidiary's activity. For receivables and financial investments, the relevant comparison is with other investors and funds in the Polish capital market.

    In media, Gremi Media competes with other publishers and digital platforms in Poland. As a minority participant, however, KCI SA has limited influence over this entity's strategy.

    • Gremi Media S.A.

      Associate of KCI SA, with which the group competes indirectly in media and professional information.

    • Other Polish publishers and media platforms

      Competition in economic and legal information, where Gremi Media operates alongside other local players.

    • Polish investment funds

      Competition for capital and investment opportunities within the financial participations portfolio.

    • Corporate bond investors

      Other participants in the bond market who may compete for the same assets and issuers.

    News & filings

    In the press

    No news in our archive over the last 180 days.

    Annual reports (ESEF)

    Sources

    1. [1] Annual report, fiscal year ended 2023-12-31 (ESEF) · SEC / KCI Spółka Akcyjna · 31 Dec 2023

    Figures computed by olivLaw from ESEF annual reports and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.