olivlawolivlaw

olivLaw · European equity research

Gpi S.p.A. GPI.MI

Italy · Euronext Milan · ISIN IT0005221517 · Vertical: Listed companies from Italy

15.18EUR−0.65% · 1 dayClose 05 Nov 2026

Gpi S.p.A. is an Italian information technology group focused mainly on healthcare, offering medical software, IT services and pharmaceutical logistics automation. The group reported for the first time under European sustainability standards (CSRD/ESRS) for the 2024 financial year, which makes its ESG information more comparable over time.

At the close of 05 Nov 2026, Gpi S.p.A. (GPI.MI) stock was 15.18 EUR (−0.65% on the day), with beta 0.37, 52-week range 13.30–18.46 EUR.

Data as of · AI analysis dated · Source: ESEF annual reports and closing prices, computed by olivLaw.

Market cap
unavailable
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
E/P (TTM)
unavailable
Dividend yield
unavailable
Beta (2y)
0.37
Volatility (1y) 32%
52-week range
13.3018.46

Price history

Loading chart…

Technical reading

RSI (14)
58.0
strong (55–70)
Bollinger (20, 2)
14.87 – 15.43
in the upper half of the band · %B 0.55 · band width 3.7%
SMA 50 / 200
14.50 / 15.20
mixed trend
MACD (12, 26, 9)
0.19 / 0.22
MACD below signal

Indicators describe past prices; on their own they do not predict direction. On our history the RSI ≤ 40 filter added no return (see the signals methodology).

Performance

CompanyEURO STOXX 50vs EURO STOXX 50Vertical median
1 month+4.0%−0.6%+4.6 pp—
3 months+11.1%−4.2%+15.3 pp—
6 months−2.1%+4.3%−6.4 pp—
Year to date−4.9%+7.5%−12.4 pp—
1 year−10.2%+9.9%−20.1 pp−6.1%
3 years+90.0%+49.8%+40.1 pp+7.7%
5 years+20.5%+42.8%−22.3 pp—
Max drawdown (1y)
−28.0%
29 Jan 2026 → 28 Jul 2026
Max drawdown (5y)
−56.3%
05 Jan 2022 → 27 Oct 2023
Compound annual growth (5y)
+3.8%
EURO STOXX 50 +7.4%

Price returns, dividends excluded.

Quarterly results

ESEF annual reports carry no quarters: the results are annual (below).

E/P over time

EPS unavailable in the issuer's structured filings (e.g. a partnership reports per unit, not per share).

E/P = trailing-12-month diluted EPS / price at quarter end. E/P is the inverse of P/E and stays defined when earnings are negative.

Fiscal years

Fiscal year202220232024
Revenue347.0 m433.4 m509.9 m
Revenue YoYunavailable+24.9%+17.7%
Net income9.7 m5.6 m104.0 m
Net income YoYunavailable−42.7%+1,768.2%
Diluted EPSunavailableunavailableunavailable
Diluted EPS YoYunavailableunavailableunavailable
net %2.8%1.3%20.4%
Free cash flow-4.2 m21.0 m14.9 m

Balance sheet & financial health

Fiscal year 2024 · 31 Dec 2024

Cash
45.9 m EUR
Financial debt
unavailable EUR
Net debt
unavailable EUR
Equity
306.2 m EUR
Total assets
953.9 m EUR
Debt / equity
unavailable
Current ratio
1.37x
ROE
38.8%
ROA
11.4%
FCF margin
2.9%

Financial statements (source on every figure)

Revenue and net income (EUR)

Margins

Income statement · EUR

Revenue
2022
347.0 m
2023
433.4 m
2024
509.9 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Operating income
2022
20.4 m
2023
25.6 m
2024
36.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Depreciation & amortisation
2022
27.2 m
2023
44.1 m
2024
53.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

EBITDA
2022
47.6 m ≈
2023
69.7 m ≈
2024
90.4 m ≈

esef· 15 Apr 2025derived

Interest expense
2022
11.6 m
2023
22.0 m
2024
28.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Pre-tax income
2022
11.1 m
2023
6.3 m
2024
22.3 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Income tax
2022
5.4 m
2023
5.8 m
2024
7.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Net income
2022
9.7 m
2023
5.6 m
2024
104.0 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Balance sheet · EUR

Cash
2022
177.1 m
2023
40.8 m
2024
45.9 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Receivables
2022
83.7 m
2023
112.9 m
2024
129.3 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Inventories
2022
13.0 m
2023
14.9 m
2024
15.4 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Current assets
2022
443.8 m
2023
395.5 m
2024
474.2 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Property, plant & equipment, net
2022
34.5 m
2023
48.4 m
2024
57.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Goodwill
2022
99.9 m
2023
186.7 m
2024
192.2 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Intangibles (excl. goodwill)
2022
121.4 m
2023
202.2 m
2024
191.2 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Total assets
2022
722.5 m
2023
873.3 m
2024
953.9 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Accounts payable
2022
99.2 m
2023
129.0 m
2024
147.5 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Current liabilities
2022
194.9 m
2023
288.4 m
2024
346.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Total liabilities
2022
474.0 m
2023
643.5 m
2024
647.7 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Equity
2022
248.6 m
2023
229.8 m
2024
306.2 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Cash flow · EUR

Operating cash flow
2022
5.6 m
2023
39.8 m
2024
35.9 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Capex
2022
9.8 m
2023
18.8 m
2024
21.0 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Free cash flow
2022
-4.2 m ≈
2023
21.0 m ≈
2024
14.9 m ≈

esef· 15 Apr 2025derived

Investing cash flow
2022
-64.9 m
2023
-250.3 m
2024
14.0 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Financing cash flow
2022
-195.0 m
2023
-74.3 m
2024
-44.8 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Dividends paid
2022
9.2 m
2023
14.4 m
2024
24.5 m

esef· 15 Apr 2025verified

Computed indicators

Growth

Revenue growth (YoY)
17.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Revenue CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Revenue CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EBIT growth (YoY)
43.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net income growth (YoY)
1,768.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net income CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
Net income CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS growth (YoY)
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 3Y
unavailable
input data missing
EPS CAGR 5Y
unavailable
input data missing
FCF growth (YoY)
-29.1%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Profitability

Gross margin
unavailable
input data missing
EBITDA margin
17.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
EBIT margin
7.2%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Net margin
20.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
FCF margin
2.9%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Returns

ROE
38.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
ROA
11.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
ROIC
unavailable
input data missing
ROCE
6.0%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Payout ratio (EPS)
unavailable
input data missing
Payout ratio (FCF)
164.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Balance sheet

Net debt
unavailable
input data missing
Net debt / EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
Debt / equity
unavailable
input data missing
Interest coverage
1.3x
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Liquidity

Current ratio
1.4x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Quick ratio
1.3x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Cash ratio
0.1x
computed by olivLawbalance sheet at 31 Dec 2024

Cash

Operating cash flow
35.9 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Capital expenditure
21.0 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Free cash flow
14.9 m EUR
computed by olivLawFY 2024
FCF conversion
14.3%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Cash conversion
39.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024

Efficiency

Days sales outstanding
87 days
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Days inventory outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Days payables outstanding
unavailable
input data missing
Cash conversion cycle
unavailable
input data missing

Market and valuation

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
Enterprise value
unavailable
input data missing
Market cap / net income TTM
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
Earnings yield
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
P/S
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBIT
unavailable
input data missing
EV/Sales
unavailable
input data missing
P/FCF
unavailable
input data missing
FCF yield
unavailable
input data missing
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing
Shareholder yield (distributions)
unavailable
input data missing

1 indicators that do not apply to the sector.

Valuation

olivLaw classification

Insufficient data
What is missing
  • indicators available: 5 of at least 6
  • score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%
  • valuation methods computed: 0 of at least 1

A scoring methodology on indicators and valuation, not investment advice.

Closing price

15.18 EUR

05 Nov 2026Source: olivLaw, closing series

Market cap: unavailable

Key indicators

Market capitalisation
unavailable
input data missing
P/E (TTM)
unavailable
input data missing
P/B
unavailable
input data missing
EV/EBITDA
unavailable
input data missing
ROE
38.6%
computed by olivLawFY 2024 · balance sheet at 31 Dec 2024
Net margin
20.4%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Revenue growth (YoY)
17.7%
computed by olivLawFY 2024
Dividend yield
unavailable
input data missing

Coverage and freshness

26/37 reporting lines present
Latest full fiscal year: 2024
Latest reported period: 31 Dec 2024
Latest balance sheet date: 31 Dec 2024
Source: esefpublished 15 Apr 2025
verified 77

The data is older than the freshness threshold.

Score by group

27% · Insufficient data

Estimated value range

unavailable — no valuation method could be computed

Valuation assumptions are editorial choices, not measured; beta is not measured.

Valuation methods

  • DCF (discounted cash flow)unavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: EV/EBITDAunavailable · net debt missing: EV cannot be bridged to equity (missing debt is not zero)
  • Peers: P/Eunavailable · input data missing
  • Dividend discount (DDM)unavailable · input data missing

no valuation method could be computed

Assumptions (illustrative, editorial)

Risk-free rate
3.0%
Equity risk premium
5.5%
Beta (default)
1.00
Cost of equity
8.5%
Terminal growth
2.0%

Factor scorecard

Insufficient data

Minimum-evidence gate: indicators available: 5 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%; valuation methods computed: 0 of at least 1

FactorValueScoreWeight used
ROIC · Qualityunavailableunavailable—
Net margin · Quality20.4%85 (vs peers)23%
FCF conversion · Quality14.3%0 (on a fixed band)23%
Revenue CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
EPS CAGR 3Y · Growthunavailableunavailable—
Net debt / EBITDA · Balance sheetunavailableunavailable—
Interest coverage · Balance sheet1.3x0 (on a fixed band)23%
Current ratio · Balance sheet1.4x47 (on a fixed band)15%
P/E (TTM) · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
EV/EBITDA · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
FCF yield · Valuationunavailableunavailable—
Shareholder yield (distributions) · Returnsunavailableunavailable—
Payout ratio (FCF) · Returns164.7%0 (on a fixed band)15%

Factors without a value were dropped; the remaining weights were renormalised.

Score groups

  • Balance sheet19/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Growth· partialunavailable · 0/2 factors with a value
  • Quality42/100 · 2/3 factors with a value
  • Returns· partial0/100 · 1/2 factors with a value
  • Valuation· partialunavailable · 0/3 factors with a value

A «partial» group is computed from under half of its weight or from one factor: it is not a full assessment of the group.

Memo

GPI S.P.A. (GPI.MI). Latest full fiscal year: 2024; data up to 2024-12-31.

Figures computed from the financial statements: revenue 509.9 m EUR in 2024; YoY growth 17.7%; net margin 20.4%; ROE 38.6%.

Valuation cannot be computed from the available data.

Insufficient data for a verdict (indicators available: 5 of at least 6; score weight coverage: 27.1% of at least 60%; valuation methods computed: 0 of at least 1).

Text generated deterministically from the figures shown; no language model. Not investment advice.

What supports the thesis

  • Net margin: 20.4%

What contradicts it

  • FCF conversion: 14.3%
  • Interest coverage: 1.3x
  • Payout ratio (FCF): 164.7%

Not assessed (insufficient data or a ratio without meaning): ROIC, Revenue CAGR 3Y, EPS CAGR 3Y, Net debt / EBITDA, P/E (TTM), EV/EBITDA, FCF yield, Shareholder yield (distributions).

Versus the vertical median

Listed companies from Italy · same country · compared with 39 companies

Multiples and returns vs the median

P/E
—
vertical median 15.7x
EV/EBITDA
—
vertical median 8.1x
P/S
—
vertical median 1.1x
P/B
—
vertical median 1.1x
ROE
38.6%
vertical median 8.5%
above median (+353.7%)
Net margin
20.4%
vertical median 6.2%
above median (+228.4%)
EBIT margin
7.2%
vertical median 9.5%
below median (−24.1%)
Revenue YoY
17.7%
vertical median 0.4%
above median (+4,036.2%)
Net debt/EBITDA
—
vertical median 0.5x
Dividend yield
—
vertical median 3.7%

Price rebased to 100 (monthly, 5 years)

Companies in the vertical

Market capP/EROENet marginRevenue YoY1A / 3A
DLG.MIDe' Longhi S.p.a.6.8 bn21.515.4%8.4%+8.7%+24% / +60%
ACE.MIAcea S.p.a.4.6 bn9.618.2%16.6%+0.2%−4% / +73%
DIA.MIDiasorin S.p.a.4.3 bn28.39.2%13.0%+0.8%+31% / −7%
CRL.MICarel Industries S.p.a.2.9 bn39.516.1%11.7%+8.7%+3% / +10%
AMP.MIAmplifon S.p.a.2.7 bn29.98.5%3.8%−0.6%−9% / −58%
CMB.MICembre S.p.a.1.3 bn27.020.6%18.9%+6.7%+11% / +108%
COM.MIComer Industries S.p.a.1.3 bn18.612.8%7.1%−23.0%+8% / +64%
DNR.MIIndustrie De Nora S.p.a.1.1 bn13.48.6%9.4%+1.4%−22% / −62%
ARN.MIAlerion Clean Power S.p.a. In Forma Abbreviata Alerion S.p.a.969.2 m10.423.5%41.0%+1.8%−5% / −23%
AVIO.MIAvio S.p.a.883.6 m86.82.1%1.8%+21.5%+18% / +291%
CIR.MICir S.p.a. - Compagnie Industriali Riunite783.3 m6.017.1%7.3%+1.6%+4% / +72%
ASC.MIAscopiave S.p.a.646.3 m18.04.2%17.5%+13.4%−8% / +33%
AC5.MIAcinque S.p.a.412.6 m19.64.1%3.6%+0.2%−6% / +8%
BAN.MIBasic Net S.p.a.348.0 m—-4.9%-3.5%+0.4%−30% / +5%
ADB.MIAeroporto Guglielmo Marconi Di Bologna S.p.a.324.7 m13.111.1%13.7%+9.2%−2% / +12%
CAI.MICairo Communication S.p.a.289.2 m6.48.1%4.4%−1.3%−22% / +28%
ECNL.MIAquafil S.p.a.129.6 m—-3.2%-0.9%−3.9%−1% / −52%
BEC.MIB&C Speakers S.p.a.118.7 m11.718.5%10.2%−1.3%−26% / −32%
ABT.MIAbitare In S.p.a.76.0 m276.00.4%0.4%+39.8%−6% / −47%
ELC.MIElica S.p.a.64.3 m—-7.8%-2.2%+1.9%−34% / −48%
DEX.MIDexelance S.p.a.50.7 m2.811.0%5.4%+12.6%−63% / −78%
CLE.MIClass Editori S.p.a.35.1 m—-29.2%-3.8%−0.7%−9% / +106%
CLF.MICaleffi - S.p.a.11.6 m5.210.9%3.8%−2.5%−4% / −10%
AEF.MIAeffe S.p.a.10.1 m0.521.9%7.7%−21.3%−59% / −86%
BC.MIBrunello Cucinelli S.p.a.6.2 m0.026.5%75,526.1%0.0%−5% / +15%

1- and 3-year price returns: for GPI.MI from daily closes (the same as the performance table), for the other companies from month-end closes.

olivLaw engine forecast

The world engine ran after the company's latest material disclosure. Probabilities are of TOUCHING a level within the horizon (not closing there) and sit next to the random walk (p_rw), the no-information benchmark.

The engine has no published run for this company yet.

Valuation scenarios (editable assumptions)

Illustrative scenarios

Scenarios are not available. input data missing

AI analysis

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

In brief

Gpi S.p.A. is an Italian information technology group focused mainly on healthcare, offering medical software, IT services and pharmaceutical logistics automation. The group reported for the first time under European sustainability standards (CSRD/ESRS) for the 2024 financial year, which makes its ESG information more comparable over time.

SWOT

Strengths

  • Consolidated position in the healthcare sector, with more than three decades of history and a broad set of recognised ISO certifications.
  • Credit rating considered solid by the agency Cerved, which supports access to financing and credibility with public clients.
  • Integrated business model combining software, services and automation in a single offering for healthcare clients.

Weaknesses

  • Dependence on public clients and administrative budgets can cause delays in collections and volatility in revenues.
  • The ESG governance structure is still being defined, and sustainability reporting mechanisms are planned for 2025.
  • The complexity of the group, with many companies and different perimeters, may make internal control and integration of new acquisitions harder.

Opportunities

  • Rising investment in healthcare digitalisation could open new contracts with hospitals and regional systems.
  • European expansion through acquisitions could add clients and products in markets with demand for medical automation.
  • CSRD reporting could become a competitive advantage in public tenders that require ESG criteria.

Threats

  • Climate risks could disrupt supply chains for electronic components and datacenter services.
  • Pressure on public budgets could reduce the value or duration of IT service contracts.
  • Competition from specialised providers could limit price increases and margins.

Risks

  • Dependence on public clientshigh

    Revenues come largely from contracts with public administrations, which may expose the group to payment delays and changes in budget policy.

  • Climate and supply risksmedium

    Extreme weather could disrupt component and datacenter infrastructure suppliers, with impact on costs and timelines.

  • Integration of acquisitionsmedium

    The recent inclusion of companies in Switzerland and Germany could generate integration costs and operational difficulties.

  • CSRD and ESG compliancemedium

    New reporting obligations could expose gaps in the group's ESG data and governance processes, with reputational consequences.

  • Healthcare regulationlow

    Medical software devices are subject to strict regulation, and changes to the legal framework could require costly adaptations.

Investment thesis

What would need to be true (bull case)

  • If demand for healthcare digitalisation holds, the group could benefit from a stable institutional client base and long-term contracts.
  • Multiple certifications and a solid credit rating could support winning public tenders and access to financing.
  • European expansion through acquisitions could diversify revenues and reduce dependence on a single market.

What would break the thesis

  • If public budgets tighten, IT service contracts could be postponed or scaled down, affecting revenues.
  • Integrating the new companies could consume resources and delay the realisation of expected synergies.
  • Climate and supply risks could raise costs and slow delivery of hardware and infrastructure solutions.

What to watch

  • Progress of ESG governance and launch of sustainability reporting mechanisms2025
  • Integration of the companies acquired in October 2024 and effects on the consolidation perimeter2025
  • Evolution of public-administration contracts and collection timelinesnext 10-K
  • Impact of climate risks on the supply chain, as reported in upcoming sustainability disclosures2025

Products, market & competition

AI-generatedAI-generated analysis (Claude) from cited public sources; it may contain errors. Not investment advice. As of 27 Oct 2026 · Model: claude-haiku-5-5.

The business

Gpi, founded in 1988 by the current chief executive, identified healthcare as its reference market, and the group includes fully consolidated subsidiaries in Italy, Austria, France, Spain, Poland, Chile, the USA and other countries. Activity covers software design and distribution, contact center services, after-sales support and pharmaceutical logistics automation. Gpi declares ISO certifications for quality, information security, service continuity and medical devices, which supports its relations with public and private clients.

The governance structure includes a Board of Directors with four committees and a Board of Statutory Auditors, and the group expanded its consolidation perimeter in 2024 through the acquisition of three Lab Technologies companies in Switzerland and Germany in October 2024. The group also cites a credit rating of A3.1 assigned by Cerved, indicating a solid financial capacity in that agency's view.

The value chain includes suppliers of datacenter infrastructure services and electronic components, while end clients are both public and private institutions, so dependence on public-sector procurement is a central element of the business model.

Segments

Medical software and services

Design, maintenance and distribution of medical software, including software medical devices certified under Regulation (EU) 2017/745, form the historical core of the group. ISO 13485:2016 certification covers the management system for medical device development.

IT services and contact center

The group provides multichannel technical support and contact center services, certified under ISO/IEC 20000-1:2018 and ISO 18295:2017, including for the Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari in Trentino. Contact Care Solutions is a pillar of this line.

Automation and pharmaceutical logistics

Distribution of automation systems for medicine logistics complements the software and services offering, strengthening relationships with hospitals and regional health systems.

Market context

The market in which Gpi operates is the digitalisation of health systems and public procurement of IT services, a sector where demand depends largely on regional and national budgets. The 2024 sustainability report points to growing attention to climate risks for supply chains, which could influence component and transport costs.

Expansion through acquisitions in Switzerland, Germany and France suggests a consolidation strategy in Europe, but integrating the new companies could require additional time and resources in the coming years.

Trends

  • Digitalisation of healthcaretailwind

    Pressure for software and automation solutions in hospitals and regional systems could support demand for the group's products, especially where public modernisation programmes exist.

  • CSRD sustainability reportingmixed

    New ESRS reporting obligations require data collection and ESG governance effort, which can raise administrative costs but also improve transparency towards investors and clients.

  • Climate risks in the supply chainheadwind

    Extreme weather events could disrupt suppliers of electronic components and datacenter infrastructure, affecting the availability and cost of materials.

  • Acquisitions and European consolidationmixed

    Recent acquisitions can widen the product range and geographic presence, but bring the risk of complex integration and margin pressure during the transition period.

Competitive position

Gpi competes with other medical software and healthcare IT service providers, both in Italy and in Europe. The official source provided does not explicitly name competitors, so market shares or direct comparisons cannot be established from this document.

Competitive advantages derived from ISO certifications, the credit rating and the consolidated position in healthcare may differentiate the group, but without information in the source the intensity of competition in each business line remains uncertain.

  • European medical software and healthcare IT providers

    The source does not name specific competitors; the group operates in the same healthcare software and IT services niche.

  • Contact center and support service providers

    The contact center and multichannel technical support line is contested by specialised companies, not identified in the source.

  • Pharmaceutical logistics automation providers

    Medicine distribution automation systems face specialised competitors, unnamed in the document provided.

  • IT integrators serving public administrations

    Competition for public IT service contracts involves local and national integrators, not detailed in the source.

News & filings

In the press

No news in our archive over the last 180 days.

Annual reports (ESEF)

Sources

  1. [1] Annual report, fiscal year ended 2024-12-31 (ESEF) · SEC / Gpi S.p.A. · 31 Dec 2024

Figures computed by olivLaw from ESEF annual reports and closing prices; the qualitative analysis is AI-generated from cited sources. Not investment advice.